Table 2. Comparing results from the three approaches to estimate and detect a trend across the different scenarios. α is the threshold for statistical significance.

	Unregularized	Informative	Weakly-informative
Unconditional on statistical significance
Bias	over- or under-estimation		underestimation
Coverage	includes the true value less than 1 − α times
Conditional on statistical significance
Power	<80% except for large decline
Coverage	includes the true value less than 1 − α times
Type-I error	inflated (>α)		under control (≤α)
Type-S error	large for small declines
Type-M error	underestimation	over- or under-estimation	underestimation