Table 2.

Overview of surveyed technologies: Overview of magnetic, colorimetric, plasmonic, electrochemical, and lateral flow assays.11

Methods	Biomarker	Limit of detection	Time-to-result	Sample preparation	Portability	Scale	Use cases	References
CDC RT-PCR diagnostic panel	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	100 copies/µL	3 h	Complex	Unportable	Low throughput	ID/AIS/ES	CDC Instruction Manual: CDC-006-00019, Revision: 0311
Magnetic
Magnetic NP capture	SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA	10 copies	30 min (extraction)	Simple	Unportable	Low throughput	ID/AIS/ES	Zhao et all90 (not peer reviewed)
Self-assemble magnetic nanoparticles	Adenovirus-5 and Herpes simplex virus-1 antigen	5 viral particles/10 µL	<30 min	Simple	Unportable	High throughput	ID/AIS	Perez et al50
Fluorescent-magnetic-catalytic nanospheres	H9N2 avian influenza virus antigen	10 pg/mL (electrical) and 69.8 ng/mL (fluorescence)	1–2 h	Simple	Portable	Low throughput	ID	Peng et al49
Optical
Catalytic colorimetric reagent	Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies	N/A	Within 15 min	Simple	Portable	Low throughput	ID	Zhengtu et al35
Fluorescently labeled biosensor	SARS-CoV-2 Antibody	N/A	10 min	Simple	Portable	High throughput capable	ID	Zhenhua et al13
Functionalized QD	Respiratory syncytial virus antigen	N/A	6 days (plaques)	Complex	Unportable	Low throughput	ID	Tripp et al71
Liposome-quantum dot complexes	HIV DNA	0.1 fM	<1 hour	Complex	Unportable	Moderate throughput	ID/AIS	Zhou et al91
PDA liposomes	Influenza antigen	11 HAUs	<1 hour	Simple	Portable	Moderate throughput	ID	Riechert et al55
RT-LAMP pH-based colorimetric sensor	ZIKV RNA	1 copy/uL	10 min	Complex	Portable	Moderate throughput	ID/AIS	Kaarj et al28
Plasmonic
Surface plasma	SARS-CoV-2 RNA	0.22 pM	Within 15 min	Simple	Unportable	High throughput capable	ID	Guangyu et al53
Plasmonics nanoprobe	HIV-1 DNA	0.5 μM	10 s (detection)	Complex	Unportable	High throughput capable	ID	Wabuyele et al76
SPR SERS	HBV DNA	50 aM	<1 h	Complex	Portable	High throughput capable	ID/AIS/ES	Li et al34
Electrochemical sensor
Field-effect transistor	SARS-CoV-2 antigen	2.42 × 102 copies/mL	30 s	Simple	Portable	Low throughput	ID/AIS/ES	Seo et al58
Potentiostat sensor	SARS-CoV-2 antigen	10 fM	10–30 s	Simple	Portable	Moderate throughput	ID/AIS	Mahari et al38 (not peer reviewed)
Screen-printed carbon electrodes	SARS DNA	2.5 pM	20 min	Complex	Portable	Moderate throughput	ID	Martínez-Paredes et al41
Nanoparticle-streptavidin conjugates	HBV DNA	2.0 pM	N/A	Complex	Unportable	High throughput capable	ID	Wang et al 79
AgNPs modified carbon electrode	Influenza antigen	sub pM	15 min	Simple	Unportable	Moderate throughput	ID/AIS	Sepunaru et al 59
Lateral flow immunoassay
Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles	SARS-CoV-2 antibody	1:1000 dilution	10 min	Complex	Portable	Moderate throughput	ID	Chen et al13
Raman scattering	Influenza A H1N1 virus and HAdV	50 pfu/mL (HAdV)and 10 pfu/mL (H1N1)	30 min	Simple	Unportable	High throughput capable	ID	Wang et al80

Technologies specific for SARS-CoV-2 in bold. Methods which can directly applied the collected sample from patients are termed “Simple”. Methods requiring extra sample processing steps are regarded as “Complex”. Devices that can only process one sample per time are defined as low throughput. Devices that have potential to process multiple samples per time, even if their ability is not mentioned in original papers, are termed “High throughput capable”

We have split the technologies into use cases based upon limit of detection requirements— ID infection diagnosis, AIS asymptomatic screening, and ES environmental surveillance