Table 1.
Participant characteristics by AAC group
| Characteristics | Total (n = 2535) | No AAC (n = 1764) | Mild–moderate AAC (n = 532) | Severe AAC (n = 239) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years), % (SE) | <0.001 | ||||
| 40–49 | 27.3 (1.9) | 32.8 (1.8) | 17.9 (4.0) | 1.8 (0.4) | |
| 50–59 | 31.1 (1.8) | 33.5 (2.4) | 30.4 (5.4) | 12.1 (4.1) | |
| 60–69 | 23.5 (1.1) | 23.4 (1.4) | 24.5 (2.9) | 21.7 (5.7) | |
| >69 | 18.1 (1.4) | 10.3 (1.3) | 27.2 (4.1) | 64.4 (5.1) | |
| Female, % (SE) | 53.9 (1.6) | 54.1 (1.6) | 52.3 (3.0) | 56.5 (5.7) | 0.75 |
| Race/ethnicity, % (SE) | 0.06 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 70.5 (3.4) | 68.9 (3.6) | 73.7 (4.5) | 76.1 (4.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.3 (1.5) | 10.8 (1.7) | 10.0 (2.1) | 6.4 (2.0) | |
| Hispanic | 11.5 (2.2) | 12.9 (2.4) | 8.5 (2.2) | 6.6 (1.8) | |
| Multiracial/other | 7.7 (1.0) | 7.3 (0.9) | 7.8 (1.7) | 10.9 (4.3) | |
| Less than high school diploma, % (SE) | 13.6 (1.9) | 13.3 (2.0) | 12.9 (2.4) | 17.4 (3.6) | 0.39 |
| Poverty, % (SE) | 17.6 (2.2) | 16.7 (2.4) | 20.1 (4.0) | 19.1 (3.6) | 0.55 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.6 ± 0.1 | 28.8 ± 0.2 | 28.3 ± 0.3 | 27.4 ± 0.7 | 0.09 |
| Smoker, % (SE) | 43.2 (1.7) | 39.9 (1.7) | 49.6 (4.6) | 56.3 (5.6) | 0.01 |
| DM, % (SE) | 16.9 (1.3) | 12.9 (1.3) | 22.4 (2.0) | 38.0 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % (SE) | 51.0 (1.5) | 44.9 (1.7) | 60.4 (3.0) | 81.0 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| CKD group, % (SE) | <0.001 | ||||
| No CKD | 81.9 (1.0) | 86.4 (1.0) | 79.2 (2.3) | 49.6 (4.5) | |
| Stages 1–2 | 7.1 (0.8) | 7.1 (0.9) | 5.7 (1.1) | 10.0 (2.6) | |
| Stage 3 | 10.3 (0.8) | 5.9 (0.7) | 14.2 (2.2) | 38.4 (5.9) | |
| Stages 4–5 | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.9) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.3 ± 0.5 | 86.0 ± 0.7 | 80.7 ± 1.1 | 65.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.26 ± 0.01 | 4.27 ± 0.02 | 4.26 ± 0.02 | 4.17 ± 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Albuminuria, % (SE) | 10.0 (0.9) | 8.8 (1.0) | 10.7 (1.7) | 18.4 (4.0) | 0.004 |
| Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 30.5 ± 0.5 | 30.2 ± 0.5 | 30.2 ± 1.0 | 33.9 ± 1.2 | 0.007 |
| Serum total calcium (mg/dL) | 9.46 ± 0.02 | 9.45 ± 0.02 | 9.47 ± 0.03 | 9.46 ± 0.05 | 0.95 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.83 ± 0.02 | 3.84 ± 0.03 | 3.78 ± 0.02 | 3.94 ± 0.09 | 0.06 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL | 3.87 ± 0.04 | 3.85 ± 0.05 | 4.03 ± 0.07 | 3.69 ± 0.09 | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.75 ± 0.03 | 5.69 ± 0.03 | 5.84 ± 0.05 | 6.05 ± 0.07 | 0.001 |
| Proton pump inhibitor, % (SE) | 14.4 (1.2) | 11.3 (1.0) | 19.6 (2.6) | 29.1 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic use, % (SE) | 14.9 (1.2) | 11.3 (1.1) | 20.8 (2.5) | 31.6 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Antihyperlipidemic medications, % (SE) | 28.9 (1.2) | 23.6 (1.5) | 36.0 (2.3) | 56.9 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Steroid use, % (SE) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.4) | 9.6 (5.6) | 0.03 |
| Caloric intake (kcal/day) | 1924 ± 21 | 1940 ± 25 | 1916 ± 31 | 1805 ± 57 | 0.07 |
Values are presented as mean ± SE unless stated otherwise.