Table 3. Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios of All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, by Hours Per Week Of Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity, Participants (N = 72,462), Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort,a 2001–2014.
| Mortalityb | MSA, Hours per Week | No. Events | Person Years | Model 1c | Model 2d | Model 3e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All causes | — | 15,671 | 706,525 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| >0 to <1 h | 852 | 55,001 | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | |
| 1 to <2 h | 829 | 55,322 | 0.77 (0.71–0.82) | 0.86 (0.81–0.93) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | |
| ≥2 h | 682 | 42,355 | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | |
| Linear trend P value | — | — | <.001 | .002 | .048 | |
| Quadratic trend P value | — | — | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |
| Cancer | None | 4,281 | 706,525 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| >0 to <1 h | 262 | 55,001 | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | |
| 1 to <2 h | 270 | 55,322 | 0.84 (0.75–0.96) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | |
| ≥2 h | 225 | 42,355 | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | |
| Linear trend P value | — | — | .002 | .34 | .60 | |
| Quadratic trend P value | — | — | .01 | .10 | .11 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | None | 5,053 | 706,525 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| >0 to <1 h | 241 | 55,001 | 0.70 (0.61–0.79) | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | |
| 1 to <2 h | 270 | 55,322 | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.98 (0.86–1.10) | |
| ≥2 h | 206 | 42,355 | 0.81 (0.71–0.94) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | |
| Linear trend P value | — | — | <.001 | .16 | .71 | |
| Quadratic trend P value | — | — | <.001 | .003 | .005 | |
Abbreviations: —, not applicable; HR, hazard ratio; MSA, muscle strengthening activity.
a
American Cancer Society (7).
b
Values are hazard ratio (95% confidence interval).
c
Model 1 is adjusted for sex and age (single year).
d
Model 2 is adjusted for sex and age, and additionally adjusted for BMI, survey type (long/short), education, self-reported overall health, smoking duration and intensity, alcohol use, marital status, work status, TV sitting time, aspirin use, and comorbidity score (reported personal history of high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol).
e
Model 3 includes all covariates from Model 2 and additionally adjusts for aerobic moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (<7.5, 7.5 - <15, ≥15 h/wk).