Table 3. Adjusted Prevalence Ratio Estimates for Factors Associated With Dental Care Use Among US Children and Adolescents Aged 2–17 Years (N = 128,141)^a, by Income Level^b, Using Pooled Years of Data (2001−2005, 2006−2010, 2011−2016), Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2001 and 2016.

Variable	Low Income, aPR (95% CI)	Middle Income, aPR (95% CI)	High Income, aPR (95% CI)
No. of observations used in analysis	72,893	33,414	21,834
Age, y
2–4	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
5–11	1.70 (1.61–1.79)c	2.12 (2.01–2.24)c	1.97 (1.86–2.07)c
12–17	1.59 (1.51–1.68)c	2.06 (1.95–2.18)c	1.98 (1.87–2.09)c
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Female	1.06 (1.03–1.08)c	1.04 (1.02–1.07)c	1.02 (1.00–1.05)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Non–Hispanic black	0.84 (0.81–0.88)c	0.79 (0.75–0.83)c	0.80 (0.75–0.85)c
Hispanic	0.98 (0.94–1.02)	0.87 (0.84–0.91)c	0.85 (0.81–0.89)c
Asian	0.92 (0.83–1.02)	0.79 (0.73–0.86)c	0.82 (0.78–0.88)c
Parent or guardian’s education
<12th grade	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
12th grade	1.10 (1.05–1.14)c	1.05 (0.97–1.14)	1.02 (0.87–1.19)
>12th grade	1.23 (1.17–1.29)c	1.30 (1.21–1.40)c	1.25 (1.07–1.45)c
Health insurance
Uninsured	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Any private	2.23 (1.99–2.50)c	1.68 (1.53–1.84)c	1.29 (1.17–1.42)c
Public only	2.20 (1.97–2.47)c	1.53 (1.37–1.70)c	1.15 (1.01–1.31)c
Data cycle
2001–2005	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
2006–2010	1.08 (1.03–1.13)c	1.00 (0.97–1.05)	0.97 (0.94–1.01)
2011–2016	1.18 (1.12–1.24)c	1.02 (0.98–1.07)	0.98 (0.94–1.01)

Abbreviations: aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio.

^a Total study participants was 132,763; however, only 128,141 had data on parents’ education.

^b Income defined as percentage of federal poverty level: low income, <200%; middle income, 200%−399%; high income, ≥400% (1).

^c Indicates significant at P < .05.