Table 1.

Change in preterm birth rate, institutional stillbirth rate, and institutional neonatal mortality before and during the COVID-19 lockdown using generalised linear model with Poisson distribution

		Preterm birth rate		Institutional stillbirth, rate per 1000 total births		Institutional neonatal mortality rate, per 1000 livebirths
		Estimate (95% CI)	p value	Estimate (95% CI)	p value	Estimate (95% CI)	p value
Unadjusted effect, exp(β)
Baseline risk (risk before lockdown)		0·167 (0·160–0·174)	<0·0001	14 (12–16)	<0·0001	13 (8–20)	<0·0001
Lockdown risk (risk during lockdown)		0·187 (0·178–0·204)	<0·0001	21 (18–25)	<0·0001	40 (23–57)	<0·0001
Risk ratio during lockdown vs before lockdown		1·198 (1·113–1·295)	<0·0001	1·57 (1·27–1·95)	0·0002	2·58 (1·41–4·72)	0·0022
Adjusted effect, β
Baseline risk (risk before lockdown)		0·14 (0·11–0·17)	<0·0001	3 (2–7)	<0·0001	0·9 (0·1–8)	<0·0001
Risk ratio during lockdown vs before lockdown		1·30 (1·20–1·40)	<0·0001	1·46 (1·13–1·89)	0·0042	3·15 (1·47–6·74)	0·0037
Adjusting factors
Preterm birth		NA	NA	5·54 (4·24–7·24)	<0·0001	6·74 (3·05–14·91)	<0·0001
Complication during admission		2·61 (2·36–2·88)	<0·0001	3·17 (2·38–4·21)	<0·0001	3·25 (1·42–7·43)	0·0054
Ethnicity
	Dalit*	1 (ref)	..	1 (ref)	..	1 (ref)	..
	Janajati*	0·88 (0·77–1·01)	0·062	0·55 (0·38–0·81)	0·0025	0·78 (0·31–1·96)	0·594
	Madhesi*	1·52 (1·33–1·73)	<0·0001	0·80 (0·54–1·19)	0·263	0·194 (0·04–0·94)	0·042
	Muslim*	1·57 (1·30–1·89)	<0·0001	0·74 (0·41–1·35)	0·330	0·37 (0·05–3·01)	0·350
	Brahmin and Chhetri-Hill†	0·99 (0·87–1·12)	0·852	0·46 (0·31–0·67)	<0·0001	0·26 (0·08–0·82)	0·022
	Brahmin-Tarai†	1·15 (0·82–1·61)	0·426	0·15 (0·02–1·11)	0·063	0·00 (NA)	..
Maternal age, years		1·00 (0·99–1·01)	0·472	1·04 (1·02–1·07)	0·0015	1·00 (0·92–1·08)	0·914

For unadjusted effect, estimate is exp(β), the risk of birth outcome; for adjusted effect, estimates are β, with 95% CI in parentheses. NA=not applicable.

^*Relatively disadvantaged ethnic groups.

^†Relatively advantaged ethnic groups.