Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Intention-to-Treat Population
| Variable | Intervention (n = 928) | Control Subjects (n = 877) |
|---|---|---|
| Individual-level data | ||
| Age, mean [SD], mo | 25.7 [15.8] | 25.5 [15.2] |
| Female, No. (%) | 454 (48.9) | 460 (52.4) |
| Vaccination status (course completed),a No. (%) | ||
| Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae B | 522 (84.1) | 534 (87.3) |
| Pneumococcal conjugate | 378 (60.9) | 391 (63.9) |
| Polio | 496 (79.9) | 517 (84.5) |
| Rotavirus | 298 (48.0) | 291 (47.5) |
| Measles | 391 (63.0) | 411 (67.2) |
| Had pneumonia at least once in the preceding 12 mo, No. (%) | 146 (15.7) | 161 (18.4) |
| Had a cooking-related burn in the preceding 3 mo, No. (%) | 50 (5.4) | 65 (7.4) |
| Household-level data | N = 892 | N = 851 |
| Fuel used regularly for cooking,b No. (%) | ||
| Electricity | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Gas | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Paraffin/kerosene | 0 (0) | 2 (0) |
| Charcoal | 107 (12.0) | 156 (18.3) |
| Wood | 489 (54.8) | 441 (51.8) |
| Crop residues | 304 (34.1) | 278 (32.7) |
| Dung | 8 (0.1) | 2 (0) |
| Other | 1 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Tobacco smoker in the household, No. (%) | 146 (16.4) | 126 (14.8) |
| Daily or almost daily exposure to smoke,b No. (%) | ||
| Burning rubbish | 362 (40.6) | 308 (36.2) |
| Cooking as business | 129 (14.5) | 113 (13.3) |
| Paraffin/kerosene lamps | 24 (2.7) | 18 (2.1) |
| Beer production | 14 (1.6) | 4 (0) |
| Mosquito coils | 9 (1.0) | 17(2.0) |
| Brick production | 33 (3.7) | 43 (5.1) |
| Other sources | 17 (1.9) | 6 (0.7) |
| Source of drinking water,b No. (%) | ||
| Tap to house | 74 (8.3) | 77 (9.1) |
| Shared communal tap | 99 (11.1) | 69 (8.1) |
| Covered well | 52 (5.8) | 53 (6.2) |
| Open well | 47 (5.3) | 56 (6.7) |
| Bore hole | 376 (42.2) | 358 (42.1) |
| Lake or river | 62 (7.0) | 30 (3.5) |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (0) |
| Toilet facilities, No. (%) | ||
| Water toilet | 6 (0.7) | 2 (0.2) |
| Ventilated improved pit | 1 (0) | 4 (0.5) |
| Simple pit latrine | 703 (78.8) | 698 (82.0) |
| None | 182 (20.4) | 147 (17.3) |
| Experienced a time in the last year when there was not enough food for the household to have its normal meals, No. (%) | 491 (55.0) | 465 (54.6) |
| Experienced a time in the last year when the household did not have money to buy bathing soap, No. (%) | 603 (67.6) | 574 (67.5) |
a
Vaccination status available for 1233 children (621 intervention; 612 control subjects).
b
A household could give multiple responses.