Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical baseline features of enrolled patients.
| First step | Second step | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DR (n = 5) | Controls (n = 5) | DR (n = 20) | Controls (n = 30) | |
| Ethnicity | Caucasian | Caucasian | Caucasian | Caucasian |
| Female (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) |
| Age (yr) | 64.6 ± 6.8 | 65.0 ± 8.0 | 63.8 ± 6.8 | 63.8 ± 10.4 |
| Duration of diabetes (yr) | 11.4 ± 3.0 | 11.2 ± 3.7 | 10.8 ± 3.6 | 10.9 ± 4.7 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 2.8 | 27.6 ± 2.0 | 27.4 ± 2.4 | 26.4 ± 2.6 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 132 ± 5.7 | 130 ± 6.1 | 131.0 ± 8.5 | 134.5 ± 9.0 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 4.5 | 77 ± 2.7 | 78.0 ± 5.7 | 77.2 ± 6.5 |
| Antihypertensive therapy (n) | 5 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | 15 (75.0) | 22 (73.0) |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 136.2 ± 25.2 | 139.0 ± 13.2 | 149.2 ± 30.8 | 150.5 ± 32.3 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 0.8 |
| Metformin only (n) | 5 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | 17 (85.0) | 27 (90.0) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 168.8 ± 11.1 | 169.8 ± 14.6 | 173.2 ± 21.9 | 168.2 ± 19.5 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.0 ± 9.7 | 47.6 ± 9.61 | 50.0 ± 11.6 | 46.6 ± 11.8 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 95.6 ± 14.2 | 97.9 ± 12.5 | 96.9 ± 20.3 | 98.6 ± 20.1 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 121.2 ± 35.4 | 121.4 ± 23.8 | 130.9 ± 41.3* | 109.9 ± 34.6* |
| Hypolipidemic therapy (%) | 5 (100.0) | 5 (100.0) | 14 (70.0) | 24 (80.0) |
| ESR (mm/h) | 19.2 ± 6.8 | 20.0 ± 8.5 | 16.1 ± 6.2 | 17.2 ± 6.6 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 1.2 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.0 ± 12.6 | 89 ± 12.6 | 82.9 ± 12.9 | 87.0 ± 13.6 |
Data are mean ± SD, or n (%). Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for distribution comparisons of quantitative variables. The two-tailed Fisher Exact Test was used for proportion comparisons between groups.
p < 0.05. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR (CDK-EPI), estimated glomerular filtration rate. To convert mg/dL glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555. To convert % HbA1c to mmol/mol, multiply by 10.9 and subtract 23.5. To convert mg/dL of total and partial cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259. To convert mg/dL triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.