Table 1.
TAMs markers correlated with clinical outcomes and functions.
| TAM marker | Tumor type | Level | Overall function | Clinical outcome | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD68 | Breast | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced OS Increased tumor stage and size |
Promote invasion and lymphatic metastasis of breast cancer | (33) |
| CD68 | Gastric | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced OS Lymph node metastasis Higher TNM stage |
Enhance tumor growth and aggressiveness | (34) |
| CD68 | Colorectal | High | Anti-tumor | Improved OS Reduced tumor budding |
Counter the aggressive tumor budding phenotype | (35) |
| CD68 | Prostate | High | Anti-tumor | Improved DFS Lower TNM stage |
Express NOS2 and TNF-α Contribute to tumor cell cytotoxicity |
(36) |
| CD163 | Breast | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced RFS and DSS | Promote cancer cells migration and intravasation into both blood and lymphatic vessels | (37) |
| CD163 | HNSCC | High | Pro-tumor | Poor OS and PFS | Promote tumor progression | (38) |
| CD163 | Pancreatic | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced OS | Upregulate CD59 expression on cancer cells Protect cancer cells from complement-dependent cytotoxicity |
(39) |
| CD163 | Colorectal | High | Anti-tumor | Lower tumor grade Reduced lymph node metastasis |
Counter cancer cell invasion | (35) |
| CD204 | Breast | High | Pro-tumor | Poor OS, RFS and DMFS | Promote tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion | (40) |
| CD204 | LADC | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced DFS Advanced tumor stage Lymphovascular invasion Lymph node metastasis |
Associated with tumor aggressiveness | (41) |
| CD204 | Oesophageal | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced OS | Elevate the PD-L1 expression in cancer cells Promote tumor cell invasion and migration |
(42) |
| CD206 | Ovarian | High | Pro-tumor | Lymphatic invasion | Upregulate expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-10 Enhance ovarian cancer cells invasion via TLRs signaling pathway |
(43) |
| CD206 | OSCC | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced DSS and PFS Higher clinical stage Cervical nodal metastasis |
Promote proliferation and invasion in OSCC via EGF production | (44) |
| Folate receptor β | Pancreatic | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced OS | Promote angiogenesis, hematogenous metastasis Upregulate expression of VEGF |
(45) |
| Wnt5a+CD68+/CD68+ | Colorectal | Ratio high | Pro-tumor | Reduced RFS and OS Higher TNM stage |
Secrete IL-10 to induce M2 polarization Promote tumor proliferation, migration and invasion (Wnt5a+CD68+ macrophages) |
(46) |
| Galectin-9 and CD68 | Bladder | High coexpression | Pro-tumor | Poor OS and RFS | Correlated with increasing numbers of Tregs and decreasing numbers of CD8+T cell Related to reduced cytotoxic molecules, enhanced immune checkpoints or immunosuppressive cytokines. |
(47) |
| CD163+CD204+ | OSCC | High | Pro-tumor | Reduced PFS | Promote T-cell apoptosis and immunosuppression via IL-10 and PD-L1 | (48) |
| CD68++CD163+ | Gastric | High* | Anti-tumor | Increased OS and RFS | Clear dead cells and remodel tissue | (49) |
| CD68 and HLA-DR | NSCLC | High coexpression | Anti-tumor | Increased survival time | Prevent progression of NSCLC | (50) |
| CD68 and HLA-DR | NSCLC | High coexpression | Anti-tumor | Increased DSS | Exhibit antitumoral functions | (51) |
| CD68 and NOS2 | Gastric | High coexpression | Anti-tumor | Preferent survival | Immuno-stimulatory | (52) |
| CD86 | ICC | High | Anti-tumor | Longer median overall OS | Promote tumor cytotoxicity Amplify Th1 responses |
(53) |
| NOS2 | Colorectal | High | Anti-tumor | Increased RFS Improved survival in a stage dependent manner |
Provide a positive feedback loop in anti-tumor response Tumor prevention |
(54) |
Wnt5a, Wnt family member 5A; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase-2; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; LADC, lung adenocarcinoma; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer; ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis; DFS, disease-free survival; RFS, relapse free survival; DS S, disease-specific survival; PFS, progression-free survival; DJ'v:IFS, distant metastasis survival.
*
Only in the effective density (effective density: the number of TAM that had a tumor cell within a 10 f!m radius).