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. 2020 Aug 10;10:13466. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70311-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trehalose and LEA-1 are upregulated upon osmotic preconditioning in C. elegans dauers. (A) Osmotic preconditioning induces elevation of trehalose levels in dauers. Error bars indicate standard deviation of three independent experiments with three technical replicates. Statistical comparison was performed with one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. ****p < 0.0001. (B) Trehalose elevation upon osmotic preconditioning is essential for desiccation tolerance in dauers. Survival rates of ChaP and OsP daf-2(e1370), daf-2;ΔΔ tps dauer larvae to harsh desiccation. For daf-2(e1370) water n = 1,912, ChaP n = 2,027, OsP n = 4,334, daf-2;ΔΔ tps water n = 1,017, ChaP n = 1,401, OsP n = 1,839. Error bars indicate standard deviation of two independent experiments with two technical replicates. Statistical comparison was performed with unpaired t-test using Holm–Sidak method. ****p < 0.0001. (C) Comparison of proteomic changes in daf-2(e1370) dauers upon osmotic preconditioning. Overlay of false-colored 2D-DIGE images comparing dauer proteomes before (red) and after (green) osmotic preconditioning. Representative portion of the proteome is shown. (D) LEA-1 upregulation upon osmotic preconditioning is essential for desiccation tolerance. Survival rates of ChaP and OsP daf-2(e1370), daf-2; lea-1(tag1676) dauer larvae to harsh desiccation. For daf-2(e1370) water n = 1,192, ChaP n = 1,581, OsP n = 5,347, daf-2; lea-1(tag1676) water n = 521, ChaP n = 1,060, OsP n = 1,448. Error bars indicate standard deviation of two independent experiments with two technical replicates. Statistical comparison was performed with unpaired t test using Holm–Sidak method. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. All the experiments were performed in the daf-2(e1370) background unless otherwise stated.