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. 2020 Aug 11;18(8):e06222. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222

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© 2020 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Simplified biosynthetic pathway for steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) (from Ginzberg et al., 2009)3

(a) The biosynthetic pathway is presented from acetyl‐CoA to steroidal GAs with additional pathways included that use the same substrate. Dashed arrows indicate multiple enzymatic steps. Terpenes refer to low‐molecular weight isoprenoids. (b) Structural formulas for several intermediates of steroidal GA biosynthesis. HMGR: 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. SS: squalene synthase. VSP: vetispiradiene cyclase. SMT: sterol C24‐methyltransferase. SGT: solanidine glycosyltransferase.