Table 7.

Acute toxicity in experimental animals: non‐oral administration of glycoalkaloids (GAs) (α‐solanine, α‐chaconine), mixtures and the aglycone (solanidine), from edible parts of S. tuberosum

Test compound	Species/dose route	Observed effects	Highest dose with no effect (mg/kg bw)	Lowest dose with effect (mg/kg bw)	LD50 (mg/kg bw)	Reference
α‐Solaninea	Rats (M/F)/i.p.	↓ Hepatic glycogen content		5		Satoh (1967)
α‐Solaninea	Rats (M)/i.p.	↑ Serum liver transaminases ↓ Serum cholinesterase activity		20		Dalvi (1985)
α‐Solanineb	Wistar rats (F)/i.p.	Lethality			67	Chaube and Swinyard (1976)
α‐Solaninea	Albino mice (M)/i.p.	Lethality ↓ Spontaneous motor activity	5	10	42	Nishie et al. (1971)
α‐Solaninea	Balb/c mice (F)/i.p.	Lethality	10	20	40	Mohsenikia et al. (2013)
α‐Solaninea	Swiss‐Webster mice (M)/i.p.	Lethality			32.3	Patil et al. (1972)
α‐Solanineb	Swiss‐Webster mice (M)/i.p.	Lethality			32.3	Sharma et al. (1979)
α‐Solaninea	Swiss‐Webster mice (M)/i.p.	Lethality			34.5	Nishie et al. (1975)
α‐Solaninea	Balb‐c mice (M)/i.p.		40			Khodayari et al. (2013)
α‐Solaninea	Rabbits (sex n.r.)/i.p. or i.v.	EEG alterations (i.p.) ↑ Respiratory rate, ↓ blood pressure (i.v.) Lethality (i.p.) Lethality (i.v.)	< 15	> 15 2 20 10		Nishie et al. (1971)
α‐Solaninea	White New Zealand rabbits (sex n.r.)/i.p.	Lethality		40		Nishie et al. (1975)
α‐Solaninea	Rhesus monkey (sex n.r.)/i.p.	Lethality (100%)		40 2 × 20	< 40	Swinyard and Chaube (1973)
α‐Chaconineb	Swiss‐Webster mice (M)/i.p.	Lethality			32.3	Nishie et al. (1975)
α‐Chaconinea	Swiss‐Webster mice (M)/i.p.	Lethality			19.2	Sharma et al. (1979)
α‐Chaconineb	Wistar rats (F)/i.p.	Lethality			84	Chaube and Swinyard (1976)
α‐Chaconineb	Sprague‐Dawley rats (M)/i.p.	Altered EEG of occipital cortex Bradycardia	10	10 20		Aldous et al. (1980)
α‐Chaconineb	White New Zealand rabbits (sex n.r.)/i.p.	Lethality		50		Nishie et al. (1975)
Mixture of α‐solanine and unknown proportion of α‐chaconinec	Rats (M/F)/i.p.				75	Gull (1960)
Mixturea α‐solanine: α‐chaconine (1:1)	Syrian hamster (M)/i.p.	Lethality	10	25	> 10 < 25	Phillips et al. (1996)
Mixtured α‐solanine, α‐chaconine and ß‐chaconine comprised ~ 20% of the extract at a ratio of 1:2:0.3, respectively	Wistar rats (F)/i.p.				60	Chaube and Swinyard (1976)
Solanidinea	Albino mice (M)/i.p.	–	500			Nishie et al. (1971)

EEG: electroencephalogram; F: female; M: male; n.r.: not reported.

^aChemical standard obtained from a commercial supplier, with high purity (95% pure or higher).

^bChemical standard obtained by in‐house isolation from plant material, and checked for purity (95% pure or higher).

^cPoorly characterised chemical standard (e. g. purity or composition not defined).

^dA non‐ or only partly purified extract or material for which the glycoalkaloid composition and concentration is given.