Table 36.
Summary results of literature reports on total glycoalkaloids (TGA) concentrations in tomatoes
| Country | Year of survey | Tomato | N | TGA average (mg/kg fw)e | Range (mg/kg fw) | Analytical technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK | 1984 | Ripe (3 cultivars)a | 3 | 3.7 | 3–6 | Radioimmunoassay | Eltayeb and Roddick (1984) |
| NL | 1987 | Ripea | 1 | 5 | – | GC‐FID and GC‐NPD | Van Gelder and De Ponti (1987) |
| NL | 1994 | Redb | 14 | 0.6 | < 0.5–4.1 | HPLC‐UV | Keukens et al. (1994) |
| Orangeb | 14 | 6.2 | < 0.5–18.2 | ||||
| Greenb | 14 | 26 | 4.5–90 | ||||
| USA | 1994 | Red (5 cultivars)b | 99 | – | < 2.5–23 (94 are ND) | HPLC‐UV | Bushway et al. (1994) |
| Green (4 cultivars)b | 80 | 18.3 | < 2.5–88 | ||||
| USA | 1994–2004 | Red, conventional (3 cultivars)c | 54 | 1.16f | < 0.05–5.6f | LC‐MS/MS | Koh et al. (2013) |
| Red, organic (3 cultivars)c | 54 | 2.11f | < 0.05–4.9f | ||||
| USA | 1994 | Red, riped | 4 | 1.1 | 0.3–2.8 | HPLC‐UV/HPLC‐PAD | Friedman et al. (1994) |
| Reda | 2 | 2.7 | 1.5–3.9 | ||||
| Breakera | 1 | 16.5 | – | ||||
| Green, maturea | 1 | 45 | – | ||||
| Green, immaturea | 1 | 69 | – | ||||
| USA | 1995 | Red, yellow, ripe (8 cultivars)d | 8 | 3.6 | 0.3–11 | HPLC‐PAD | Friedman and Levin (1995) |
| Green, unriped | 1 | 16 | – | ||||
| Reda | 2 | 1.8 | 1.2–2.5 | ||||
| Breakera | 2 | 10.5 | 6.7–14 | ||||
| Green, maturea | 2 | 40 | 25–58 | ||||
| Green, immaturea | 2 | 125 | 40–210 | ||||
| JP | 1997 | Green, maturea | 7 | 165 | 140–180 | Colourimetric | Furui et al. (1997) |
| Turninga | 4 | 44 | 30–60 | ||||
| Red, maturea | 6 | 3 | 1–8 | ||||
| USA | 1998 | Reda | 15 | 1.4 | 0.4–4.3 | HPLC‐PAD | Friedman and Levin (1998) |
| Green, immaturea | 15 | 205 | 35–550 | ||||
| IT | 2000 | Green‐orange, reda | 5 | 15 | ND–43 | HPLC‐UV | Leonardi et al. (2000) |
| IL | 2006 | Ripeningc | 3 | 2.5f | 0–6.7f | HPLC‐UV | Mulatu et al. (2006) |
| Green, maturec | 3 | 0.65f | 0–1.4f | ||||
| Green, immaturec | 3 | 1.4f | 0.13–3.5f | ||||
| JP | |||||||
| IT | 2016 | Ripe (15 landraces and 3 hybrids)c | 18 |
1.5g 5.1h |
0.6–4.0g 1.8–14.2h |
LC‐HRMS | Baldina et al. (2016) |
| IT | 2019 | Various ripening stagesd | 3 | 1.1g | 0.49–2.0g | LC‐MS/MS | Tamasi et al. (2019) |
TGA: total glycoalkaloids; LC: liquid chromatography; UV: ultraviolet; MS: mass spectrometry; MS/MS: tandem MS; HR: high resolution; HP: high‐performance; PAD: Pulsed amperometric detector; FID: flame ionisation detector. NPD: nitrogen‐phosphorous detector.
Greenhouse.
Wholesale.
Field trial.
Retail.
Average as reported by the authors or calculated based on the provided individual data.
Data were presented as dry weight. It has been assumed that the water content was 95%.
Results for α‐tomatine + α‐dehydrotomatine.
Results for all 7 GAs analysed (α‐tomatine, dehydrotomatine, esculeoside A, lycoperosides A, B and H and tomatoside A).