Table C.1.

Studies on the toxicokinetics of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in experimental animals

Test compound	Study design (species, doses, administration routes, study duration)	Parameters	Reference
[3H]‐α‐chaconine (tritiated in the aglycone moiety at carbon atoms adjacent to the double bond and to the nitrogen atom), activity	Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (200–300 g bw) Dosage by gavage (5 mg/kg bw) or i.p. injection (5, 10, 15 or 25 mg/kg bw) Rats housed in metabolic cages. 2 rats/treatment group euthanised at each time point Time points: 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 or 100 h following treatment	Radioactivity distribution and elimination Metabolism studied by means of thin layer chromatography following ether extraction	Norred et al. (1976)
[3H]‐α‐chaconine (no information on labelling position)	Female Swiss‐Webster mice (20 g bw) Experiments: Subcellular distribution: oral dose of 10 mg/kg bw, 4 mice/time point (3, 6, 14, 72 and 120 h), Accumulation in subcellular fractions: 5 mice/group, oral doses of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg bw, Enzyme induction: 4 mice group orally exposed to 10 mg/kg bw [3H]‐α‐chaconine and by i.p. injection either to 100 mg/kg bw phenobarbital, 100 mg/kg bw Aroclor or 0.5 mg/kg bw dibenzo[a]pyrene.	Subcellular distribution Accumulation in subcellular fractions Metabolism (enzyme induction)	Sharma et al. (1983)
[3H]‐α‐chaconine (randomly labelled)	Male Golden hamsters (130–150 g bw) Gavage or i.p. injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw 3 animals/time point euthanised at regular time intervals (3, 12, 24, 72 and 168 h following treatment)	Tissue distribution Excretion Subcellular distribution	Alozie et al. (1979a)
[3H]‐α‐chaconine (randomly labelled)	Study design described in Alozie et al. (1979a) Collected urine and feces from animals orally exposed were repeatedly extracted with chloroform. The water soluble and chloroform soluble extracts were subject to TLC analysis for the identification of metabolites	Metabolite identification	Alozie et al. (1979b)
[3H]‐α‐solanine (no information on the labelling position)	Male rats (strain SPF Riv:TOX rats; 240–260 g bw; 12–13 weeks of age, implanted with a Colonisation Resistant Factor mouse flora) Male hamsters (SPF Charles River/Wiga Syrian golden hamsters; 130–160 g bw, 12–15 weeks of age) Dosage either by gavage (in 4 rats and 5 hamsters) at a dose of 170 μg/kg bw, or via i.v. injection (in 5 rats and 5 hamsters) at a dose of 54 μg/kg bw, respectively Animals were housed in metabolic cages for 7 days following the treatment. Urine, feces and exhaled air. Blood was regularly collected over the period after the treatment and analysed for the radioactivity level of unchanged α‐solanine	Absolute bioavailability Kinetics in blood and plasma Excretion	Groen et al. (1993)
[3H]‐α‐solanine (tritiated in the aglycone moiety at carbon atoms adjacent to the double bond and to the nitrogen atom)	Male Fischer rats (180–250 g bw for rats subject to oral treatment, 95–170 g bw for rats treated by i.p. injection) Dosage by gavage (5 mg/kg bw) or i.p. injection (5, 10, 15 or 25 mg/kg bw). Number of rats/treatment group was not reported Rats were housed in metabolic cages and sacrificed after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h after treatment Metabolites in urine and feces were studies by TLC analysis	Tissue distribution Metabolic fate Excretion	Nishie et al. (1971)

bw: body weight; i.p.: intraperitoneal; i.v.: intravenous; TLC: thin‐layer chromatography.