Table 5.

Prenatal testosterone-treatment–induced changes in messenger RNA and protein levels

Gene class	Gene expression changes reported by RT-PCR	Protein changes reported by immunohistochemistry	Gene expression changes in present study by RNA-Seq
Transforming growth factor family	Granulosa cell AMH and INHBB No change (22) FST ↑ in antral follicle by in situ hybridization (23); ↓ in granulosa cells by RT-PCR (22)	↑ AMH in granulosa cells (24)	↑ TGFβR1 both in granulosa and theca cells
Proapoptotic proteins		↓ Antral follicular BAX and activated caspase3 (26)	↓ BCORL1 and BCL9L both in granulosa and theca cells
Matrix proteins		↓ TIMP1, LAMB, collagen in antral follicles (25)	↓ COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL6A1, and COL14A1 in granulosa cells
Gap junction proteins		↑ GJA1 (25)	↑ GJA1 both in granulosa and theca cells

Abbreviations: AMH, antimüllerian hormone; FST, follistatin; RNA-Seq, RNA sequencing; RT-PCT, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction; TGFβR1, transforming growth factor β receptor 1; TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1.