Fig. 4.

Structural and functional similarities between the ACC and AIC and role in cognition. (A) Both regions are sub-divided into dorsal cognitive and ventral affective sub-regions and contain unique von Economo neurons playing a role in awareness. (B) The insula and cingulate both show Lewy pathology during the same pathological stage (Braak stage 5) and control cognition through co-activation as a salience network whereby they can switch between other networks depending on task. (C) Disturbance of the network triad due to disconnection between AIC and ACC and altered centrality in DMN and FPN may lead to cognitive impairment in PD. ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex, AIC: Anterior insular cortex, DMN: Default mode network, FC: functional connectivity, FPN: Frontoparietal network.