Table 1.
Subject Demographics. All test results, except Mini mental status exam, were significantly worse in PD compared to controls. Education is based on ISCED system ranging from 0 to 6. CAMCOG_Total: Cambridge Cognitive Battery Total score, H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr stage, ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education, LEDD: Levodopa equivalent daily dose, PD: Parkinson’s disease, SD: Standard Deviation, UPDRS III: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
| Demographics and Functional Tests | Group | p values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 15) | PD (n = 53) | |||||
| N/count (%) | Mean (Range) | N/Count (%) | Mean (Range) | |||
| Age (Years) | 15 | 66,9 (52–81) | 53 | 67,3 (54–81) | p = 0.85 | |
| Education |
2 | 2 (13,3%) | – | 16 (30,2%) | – |
p = 0.07 |
| 3 | 3 (20%) | – | 15 (28,3%) | – | ||
| 4 | 1 (6,7%) | – | 2 (3,8%) | – | ||
| 5 | 8 (53,3%) | – | 19 (35,8%) | – | ||
| 6 | 1 (6,7%) | – | 1 (1,9%) | – | ||
| Gender (Males) | 66% | – | 58% | – | p = 0.57 | |
| Disease duration (Years) | NA | NA | 53 | 11,3 (4–21) | NA | |
| UPDRS_III | NA | NA | 53 | 32 (14–56) | NA | |
| HY | 2,0 | NA | NA | 21 (39,6%) | – | NA |
| 2,5 | NA | NA | 18 (34%) | – | NA | |
| 3,0 | NA | NA | 14 (26,4%) | – | NA | |
| Mini Mental Status Exam | 14 | 28,3 (27–30) | 53 | 27,6 (19–30) | p = 0.3 | |
| CAMCOG_Total | 14 | 99,1 (95–104) | 53 | 92,6 (71–103)** | p < 0.001 | |
| Semantic Fluency | 14 | 24 (16–40) | 53 | 19,5 (5–32)* | p = 0.03 | |
| Pattern Recognition Memory | 14 | 22,9 (21–24) | 52 | 20,6 (13–24)** | p < 0.001 | |
| Spatial span length | 14 | 5,5 (5–7) | 52 | 4,6 (2–8)* | p = 0.01 | |
| Spatial Working Memory | 14 | 22,9 (5–57) | 52 | 39,8 (2–106)* | p = 0.015 | |
| Intra-extra dimension shift | 14 | 8,6 (7–9) | 51 | 7,2 (0–9)** | p = 0.003 | |
| Vienna Perseveration Test | 14 | 18,6 (14,3–27,5) | 52 | 25,2 (10,2–63,2)* | p = 0.001 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 14 | 4,8 (0–23) | 52 | 12,2 (0–31)** | p = 0.001 | |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | 12 | 24,5 (21–31) | 31 | 34,2 (24–57)** | p < 0.001 | |
| LEDD | NA | NA | 53 | 1032 (225–2600) | NA | |