Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and evaluation statistics.
| Demographics | Overall | Mainstream primary | Alternative provision | |||||
|
|
|
Control | Intervention | P value | Control | Intervention | P value | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 10.9 (1.44) | 10.25 (0.43) | 10.28 (0.45) | .53 | 13.6 (1.48) | 12.3 (1.45) | <.001 | |
| Male, n (%) | 227 (56) | 69 (43.9) | 75 (50.3) | .22 | 38 (80.9) | 45 (80.4) | .90 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | .74 |
|
|
.90 | ||||
|
|
White | 247 (60) | 98 (62.4) | 82 (55.0) |
|
31 (66.0) | 36 (64.3) |
|
|
|
Mixed-race | 29 (7) | N/Aa | 6 (4.0) |
|
7 (14.9) | 9 (16.1) |
|
|
|
Asian | 78 (19) | 34 (21.7) | 40 (26.9) |
|
3 (6.4) | 1 (1.8) |
|
|
|
Black | 40 (10) | 11 (7.0) | 15 (10.1) |
|
5 (10.6) | 9 (16.1) |
|
|
|
Other | 15 (4) | 5 (3.2) | 5 (3.4) |
|
7 (14.9) | 1 (1.8) |
|
| Disabled, n (%) | 28 (3.4) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.3) | .99 | 6 (13.0) | 4 (7.3) | .28 | |
| Alternate provision schools, n (%) | 103 (25) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| English first language, n (%) | 352 (87) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Usage, n | ||||||||
|
|
Happy faces | 1169 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Breathing | 811 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Game | 752 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Stress bucket | 404 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Art | 225 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
Time out | 106 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
aN/A: not applicable.