. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 21.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Soc Rev. 2020 Jun 15;49(14):5008–5057. doi: 10.1039/c8cs01021h

Table. 5.

Anti-angiogenic biochemical and biological functions elicited by inorganic elements and nanomaterials (the elements are listed in alphabetical order).

Element	Notes/Biochemical and biological functions	Ref (s)
Ag	Silver nanoparticles act on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	³⁰⁴
Au	Gold nanoparticles induce: - Inhibition of the MAPK pathway - Inhibition of pro-angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF, bFGF, PlGF)	^{417, 423}
Ce	The antiangiogenic effect was found to occur at high concentrations and in the presence of rod-shaped nanoceria.	^{359, 541}
S	Sulphur compounds such as heparan sulfonate can exert antiangiogenic effects	⁵⁰⁷
Se	- Inhibition of VEGF secretion - Apoptosis of endothelial cells	^{472, 473, 475}
Si	- Anti-angiogenic effect elicited by pure silica nanoparticles or at a high dosage of silicate materials (cytotoxicity)	⁵²⁵
Ti	- Anti-angiogenic effect elicited by titania nanoparticles via suppression of VEGF/MAPK pathways	⁵⁴²
Zn	- Anti-angiogenic effect elicited by Zn²⁺ ions (e.g., activation of endostatin, reverse effect on hypoxia-modulated genes)	^{533, 534}