Figure 2.

An overview of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Non-canonical Wnt signaling is divided into Wnt/PCP and Wnt/Ca²⁺ pathways. In Wnt/PCP, Wnt ligand-binding receptor proteins trigger the activation of the ROCK and JNK downstream kinases, allowing cytoskeletal reorganization. In Wnt/Ca²⁺, non-canonical Wnt signaling increases the intracellular levels of DAG and IP3 by recruiting DVL, stimulates the intracellular Ca²⁺ release and activates downstream PKC, CaN and CaMKII, thereby regulating intracellular calcium fluxes and downstream calcium-dependent cytoskeletal and/or transcriptional responses.

Abbreviations: ROCK, Rho-associated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PLC, phospholipase C; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; IP3, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate; PKC, protein kinase C; CAN, calcineurin; CaMKII, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; DAAM1, the formin protein dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1; RHOA, Ras homolog family member A; RAC1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; AP1, activator protein-1; CDC42, Cell division cycle protein 42; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells.