Table 1.
Measurement of Depressive Symptoms Using Standardized Instruments
| Study | Past psychiatric illness (%) | Instrument | Follow-up (mo.) | N at follow-up | Mean (SD) or median (IQR) | Cut-off score | Point prevalence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chelluri et al. (26) | - | CES-D | 1 6 12 |
12; 12 12; 12 12; 12 |
10 (5.02)a; 10 (5.99)b 8 (3.01)a; 9 (5.4)b 6 (3.01)a; 6 (1)b |
- | - |
| Broslawski et al. (27) | - | GDS-SF | 6 | 27 | - | ≥6 | 4 |
| Eddleston et al. (28) | - | HADS-D | 3 | 143 | - | ≥8; ≥11 | 9.8; 2.8 |
| Kress et al. (49) | 38c;11d | BDI-II | 14 (5)c; 12 (7)d | 13c; 19d |
13.7 (9.7)c; 17.2 (10.6)d |
≥17 | 38c; 53d |
| Jones et al. (29) | 16 | HADS-D | 2 | 30 | 5.28 (4.42) | ≥8; ≥11 | 20; 13.3 |
| Scragg et al. (50) | - | HADS-D | 13 (6) | 80 | - | ≥8 | 30 |
| Jackson et al. (30) | Excluded | GDS-SF | 6 | 34 | 6.4 (4.3)e, 3 (3.4)f | ≥6 | 24 |
| Jones et al. (17) | Excluded | HADS-D | 2 6 |
114 102 |
5.9 (4.4) 5.6 (3.9) |
≥8; ≥11 | 39; 31 56; 36 |
| Boyle et al. (31) | - | CES-D | 1 6 |
55 51 |
19.22 (10.42) 13.79 (10.37) |
- | - |
| Chelluri et al. (32) (73) | - | CES-D | 2 12 |
129 154 |
14.1 (9.6) 12.16 (11.02) |
≥16 | 35 32 |
| Rattray et al. (33) | - | HADS-D | 6 12 |
80 80 |
5.13 (3.56) 5.16 (4.28) |
≥8; ≥11 | 26; 7 27; 11 |
| Weinert et al. (34) | 27g | CES-D SCID |
2 6 2 |
153 90 134 |
11, 8 11, 6- |
≥16 - - |
27 33 33 |
| Samuelson et al. (35) | - | HADS-D | 2 | 226 | 1 (4) | ≥11 | 7.5 |
| Sukantarat et al. (36) | - | HADS-D | 3 9 |
51 45 |
6.6 (4.5) 6.7 (4.8) |
≥8; ≥11 | 35; 23.53 47; 31.11 |
| McWilliams et al. (37) | - | HADS-D | 1 w 2 |
38 38 |
7.2 (4.1) 4.4 (3.6) |
≥8; ≥11 | 42; 13 10.5; 8 |
| Cuthbertson et al. (18) | - | HADS-D | 6 12 |
105c,115d 93c,100d |
5.3 (4.3)c, 5.3 (4.0)d 4.8 (4.5)c, 4.8 (4.2)d |
≥8; ≥11 | 27c; 12c/28d; 13d 27c; 13c/28d; 11d |
| Knowles et al. (19) | 22.2c 27.8d |
HADS-D | 1 2 |
18c; 18 d 18c; 18 d |
6.72 (4.64)c; 8.89 (5.12)d 4.17 (2.98)c; 8.29 (5.13)d |
≥8 | 38.9c, 55.6d 16.7c, 44.4d |
| Myhren et al. (55)(39) | - | HADS-D | 1 3 12 |
252 191 192 |
4.76 (4.15) 4.16 (3.92) 4.71 (4.23) |
≥8; ≥11 | 23; 12 20; 8 27; 11 |
| Peek et al. (20) | - | HADS-D | 6 | 50c, 32d | 4.4 (0.6)c, 5.8 (0.7)d | ≥8; ≥11 | 16; 8c/ 25; 12.5d |
| Treggiari et al. (21) | - | HADS-D | 1 | 52c, 50d | 3.4 (3.7)c, 3.1 (3.7)d | ≥8; ≥11 | 15; 8c / 12; 4d |
| Van der Schaaf et al. (38) | - | HADS-D | 12 | 247 | 4.4 (4.25) | ≥8; ≥11 | 22; 11 |
| Jackson et al. (22) | - | BDI-II | 3 12 |
47c; 32d 35c; 25d |
13 (7–20)c; 11 (7–17)d 12 (5–20)c; 14 (6–20)d |
>10 | 64c, 58d 59c, 62d |
| Rattray et al. (40) | - | HADS-D | 2 6 |
63 50 |
6.98 (5.381) 6.22 (4.586) |
≥8; ≥11 | 42.9; 25.4 32; 18 |
| Strøm et al. (23) | 8c; 23d | BDI-II | 24 | 13c, 13d | 3 (1–7)c; 3 (1–11)d | >10 | 8c, 31d |
| Garrouste-Orgeas et al. (14) | 18.7h 6.1i 19.5j |
HADS-D | 3 | 21h 19i 12j |
6.3 (6.9)h 3.7 (5.1)i 6.5 (4.7)j |
≥8; ≥11 | 38.1; 28.6h 15.8; 15.8i 41.7; 25j |
| McKinley et al. (42) | Excluded | DASS-21-D | 1 w 2 6.5 |
156 156 156 |
8 (2–12) 4 (0–10) 4 (0.5–10) |
≥14; ≥20 | 26.9; 13.7 16.6; 8.9 21.3; 9.4 |
| Schandl et al. (43) | 18c;15d | HADS-D | 3c 6c 12c 14c, d |
100c
68c 50c 98c;73d |
5.47 (4.15)c 5.02 (3.85)c 4.4 (3.12)c 4.78 (4.50)c; 5.76 (4.54)d |
≥8; ≥11 | 28; 13c 25; 12c 24; 2c 21; 11c / 33; 19d |
| Wade et al. (44) | 16k | CES-D | 3 | 100 | - | ≥19 | 46.30 |
| Davydow et al. (45) | 29k | PHQ-9 | 3 12 |
131 120 |
- | ≥10 | 31 17 |
| Kowalczyk et al. (51) | - | HADS-D | 34 | 186 | 7.82 (4.82) | ≥8; ≥11 | 50; 27.4 |
| Raveau et al. (46) | 42k | GDS-4 items | 3 | 30 | 0 (0, 10) | ≥1 | 43 |
| Risnes et al. (54) | 54 | HADS-D | 60 | 27 | 3.81 (3.3) | - | - |
| Jackson et al. (47) | 34k | BDI-II | 3 12 |
407 347 |
10 (5, 17) 10 (4.6, 16.5) |
≥14; ≥20 | 37; 20.4 33; 21 |
| Paparrigopoulos et al. (52) | 42 | CES-D | 21 (3) | 48 | 13.3 (2) | ≥16 | 31 |
| Battle et al. (53) | 10k | HADS-D | 3 | 63 | 6.8 (5.3) | ≥8; ≥11 | 46; 25.4 |
| Jones et al. (24)o | Excluded | HADS-D | 3 | 14l, 18m, 19n, 16o | 4.93 (4.2)l; 2.74 (2.5)m; 6.37 (4.6)n; 4.81 (3.8)o |
≥8; ≥11 | 29; 7l/ 5; 0m/ 37; 21n/ 19; 12o |
| Parsons et al. (48) | 24; 18k | PHQ-9 | 12 | 120 | - | ≥ 10 | 18 |
| Walsh et al. (25) | - | HADS-D | 3 6 12 |
98c; 87d 86c; 80d 81c; 77d |
6.45 (3.89)c; 6.91 (4.27)d 7.17 (4.62)c; 6.71 (4.81)d 6.87 (4.82)c; 6.66 (4.14)d |
≥8; ≥11 | 36.7; 15.3c/ 44.8; 22.9d 50; 24.4c/ 43.7; 20d 45.6; 24.6c/40; 19.4d |
Abbreviations: N: Number; CES–D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; SCID: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; DASS: Depression, Anxiety and Stress scales; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire; mo.: months
a:
Age<75;
b:
Age≥75;
c:
intervention;
d:
control;
e:
cognitively impaired based on neuropsychological battery;
f:
cognitively non-impaired;
g:
depressed in last month (per proxy);
h:
pre-diary;
i:
dairy;
j:
post diary;
k:
History of depression;
l:
Control supplement, no PEPSE (outpatient physiotherapy class),
m:
Control supplement, PEPSE,
n:
EAA (essential amino acid) supplement, no PEPSE,
o:
EAA supplement, PEPSE