Table 2.
Associations between Depression Severity and Pain interference symptoms, anxiety, and Alcohol and Substance Use among Veterans Aging Cohort Study Participants: PHQ-9 versus PHQ-2.
| Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 Score |
PHQ-2 Score |
|||||
| <10 | 10-14 | 15-19 | ≥20 | <3 | ≥3 | |
| Anxiety | Referent | 11.28 (9.74-13.07) | 30.35 (24.12-38.19) | 72.06 (52.53-98.85) | Referent | 11.59 (10.44-12.86) |
| Pain interference | Referent | 6.11 (5.39-6.93) | 10.95 (9.22-13.00) | 21.63 (17.50-26.74) | Referent | 6.86 (6.17-7.62) |
| AUDIT ≥8 | Referent | 2.24 (1.78-2.82) | 2.96 (2.23-3.94) | 3.56 (2.59-4.90) | Referent | 2.2 (1.82-2.64) |
| Current smoker | Referent | 1.58 (1.32-1.89) | 2.00 (1.58-2.53) | 2.44 (1.85-3.20) | Referent | 1.78 (1.56-2.02) |
| Current heavy smoker | Referent | 1.41 (1.11-1.80) | 1.41 (1.02-1.94) | 2.66 (1.87-3.77) | Referent | 1.56 (1.27-1.91) |
| Marijuana | Referent | 2.06 (1.69-2.52) | 2.24 (1.74-2.90) | 2.12 (1.57-2.86) | Referent | 1.91 (1.62-2.61) |
| Illicit opioidsa | Referent | 2.67 (2.19-3.26) | 2.75 (2.14-3.53 ) | 3.09 (2.33-4.10) | Referent | 2.22 (1.89-1.95) |
| IDU | Referent | 2.51 (1.67-3.78) | 2.77 (1.71-4.49) | 2.88 (1.60-5.18) | Referent | 2.36 (1.68-3.3) |
| Crack/Cocaine | Referent | 2.55 (2.07-3.14) | 2.90 (2.21-3.80) | 3.72 (2.75-5.03) | Referent | 2.33 (1.95-2.77) |
| Other stimulantsb | Referent | 2.85 (1.93-4.22) | 2.74 (1.68-4.45) | 2.74 (1.53-4.91) | Referent | 2.56 (1.83-3.59) |
a
Includes non-medical use of prescription opioids “such as Oxycontin, Vicodin, Percocet” or heroin use (note: prescription opioids were not assessed during the 2005-07 survey wave).
b
Other stimulants defined as “amphetamines, uppers, speed, crank, crystal meth, bam.”