Table 4.
Behaviors of male BTBR mice treated with vehicle (VEH) or dopamine (DA). *p < 0.05, paired t-tests compared to VEH. #p < 0.05, paired t-tests compared to the empty cup exploration within the same group. †p < 0.05, one-sample t-tests compared to 0. Values are shown as mean ± SEM. Note: in the object-based attention test, although the preference for the novel over old object was moderate (p = 0.063), the object-recognition index of the DA-treated group remained positive
| Elevated plus maze | VEH | DA |
|---|---|---|
| distance (cm) | 863.63 ± 78.81 | 1036.18 ± 114.71 |
| center entry (counts) | 36.00 ± 4.41 | 38.75 ± 4.34 |
| open-arms entry (counts) | 14.38 ± 2.17 | 13.75 ± 2.02 |
| closed-arms entry (counts) | 23.38 ± 2.01 | 27.00 ± 2.56 * |
| center time (seconds) | 51.05 ± 9.31 | 46.60 ± 5.74 |
| open-arms time (seconds) | 42.10 ± 7.07 | 42.23 ± 6.67 |
| closed-arms time (seconds) | 206.85 ± 14.32 | 211.19 ± 11.35 |
| head-dips (seconds) | 8.28 ± 3.02 | 8.85 ± 1.11 |
| Open field | ||
| distance 0–5 min (cm) | 1451.73 ± 175.70 | 1831.94 ± 122.04 |
| distance 5–10 min (cm) | 1137.80 ± 233.01 | 1184.25 ± 106.78 |
| distance 10–15 min (cm) | 980.48 ± 158.01 | 1148.89 ± 155.66 |
| thigmotaxis 0–5 min (% by distance) | 76.99 ± 3.95 | 64.68 ± 4.33 * |
| thigmotaxis 5–10 min (% by distance) | 66.20 ± 2.98 | 58.51 ± 2.97 |
| thigmotaxis 10–15 min (% by distance) | 67.12 ± 4.13 | 63.13 ± 5.42 |
| grooming 0–5 min (seconds) | 9.33 ± 2.51 | 6.43 ± 1.85 |
| grooming 5–10 min (seconds) | 21.09 ± 13.57 | 17.90 ± 4.83 |
| grooming 10–15 min (seconds) | 31.64 ± 12.88 | 30.43 ± 10.10 |
| center time 0–5 min (seconds) | 4.00 ± 1.60 | 7.94 ± 2.99 |
| center time 5–10 min (seconds) | 4.45 ± 2.00 | 7.46 ± 2.18 |
| center time 10–15 min (seconds) | 8.04 ± 4.04 | 10.13 ± 5.61 |
| rearing 0–5 min (counts) | 6.00 ± 1.85 | 8.13 ± 1.67 |
| rearing 5–10 min (counts) | 7.00 ± 2.54 | 6.00 ± 1.41 |
| rearing 10–15 min (counts) | 10.71 ± 3.61 | 11.88 ± 3.77 |
| rearing 0–5 min (seconds/count) | 0.61 ± 0.08 | 0.77 ± 0.07 |
| rearing 5–10 min (seconds/count) | 0.65 ± 0.10 | 0.69 ± 0.10 |
| rearing 10–15 min (seconds/count) | 0.74 ± 0.15 | 0.81 ± 0.08 |
| Object-based attention | ||
| total exploration (seconds)_learning | 22.06 ± 3.40 | 20.40 ± 1.12 |
| old object (seconds)_test | 10.18 ± 2.78 | 6.15 ± 1.11 |
| novel object (seconds)_test | 8.61 ± 1.54 | 13.90 ± 3.77 |
| index | −0.05 ± 0.12 | 0.31 ± 0.10 † |
| total exploration (seconds)_test | 18.79 ± 3.24 | 20.05 ± 4.31 |
| Three-chamber | ||
| stranger exploration (seconds) | 45.90 ± 8.23 | 60.69 ± 9.07 # |
| empty cup exploration (seconds) | 37.43 ± 7.21 | 25.88 ± 3.81 |
| index | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.06 † |
| total exploration (seconds) | 83.33 ± 14.64 | 86.56 ± 11.81 |