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. 2020 Aug 10;11:16. doi: 10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Variation in shape and size of floral callus, mentum, stelidia and corresponding orchid pollinators. a An Hoplitis adunca male bee is pollinating a Serapias cordigera flower in France, its front legs grab the callus on the labellum, while the pollinia are attached to its forehead; b an Andrena sp. male bee receives pollinia on its proboscis while pseudocopulating with a flower of Ophrys splendida in France; c a Drosophila sp. fly is trapped against the anther, while pollinating a flower of Specklinia spectabilis in Costa Rica; d an Amegilla nigritar bee bears a pollinarium on its head while approaching a flower of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima in China. Ca callus, Me mentum, St stelidia. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photographs by Jean Claessens (a, b), Adam Karremans (c) and Jin Xiaohua (d)