Table 3.

Association between exposure to SGA and the risk of chronic kidney disease by subgroups (risk of metabolic disturbances, recent use of NSAIDs, pre-existing diabetes, hypertension, prior AKI and age)

Exposure	Cases, N	Controls, N	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
All	21 434	85 576
SGA
Low risk	8	41	0.85 (0.39 to 1.82)	0.71 (0.32 to 1.54)
Mild risk	298	947	1.26 (1.10 to 1.44)	1.21 (1.06 to 1.39)
Moderate risk	118	372	1.28 (1.04 to 1.58)	1.19 (0.96 to 1.48)
High risk	133	371	1.43 (1.17 to 1.74)	1.36 (1.11 to 1.68)
NSAID
No	15 824	947	1.29 (1.15 to 1.45)	1.22 (1.08 to 1.38)
Yes	5610	20 081	1.13 (0.84 to 1.51)	1.10 (0.81 to 1.49)
Diabetes
No	18 377	77 438	1.27 (1.14 to 1.41)	1.24 (1.11 to 1.39)
Yes	3057	8138	1.56 (0.96 to 2.53)	1.52 (0.90 to 2.54)
Hypertension
No	7472	38 481	1.43 (1.19 to 1.72)	1.33 (1.10 to 1.60)
Yes	13 962	47 095	1.21 (1.05 to 1.39)	1.14 (0.98 to 1.32)
Prior AKI
No	18 998	83 099	1.31 (1.18 to 1.47)	1.27 (1.14 to 1.42)
Yes	2436	2477	1.24 (0.59 to 2.58)	0.96 (0.45 to 2.07)
Age group
<65 years	5847	23 423	1.66 (1.40 to 1.97)	1.50 (1.25 to 1.80)
65+ years	15 587	62 153	1.15 (1.02 to 1.30)	1.13 (1.00 to 1.28)

AKI, acute kidney injury; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SGA, second-generation antipsychotics.