Figure 1. Comparison of COVA1–16 binding mode with CR3022 and ACE2.

(A) Crystal structure of COVA1–16/RBD complex with RBD in grey and COVA1–16 Fab in cyan (heavy chain) and greyish blue (light chain). (B) ACE2-binding site (PDB 6M0J, left) [10], COVA1–16 epitope (this study, middle), and CR3022 epitope (PDB 6W41, right) [13] are highlighted in yellow. (C) RBD residues in the COVA1–16 epitope are shown. Epitope residues contacting the heavy chain are in orange and light chain in yellow. Representative epitope residues are labeled. Residues that are also part of CR3022 epitope are indicated with asterisks. (D) The ACE2/RBD complex structure is aligned in the same orientation as the COVA1–16/RBD complex. COVA1–16 (cyan) would clash with ACE2 (green) if they were to approach their respective RBD binding sites at the same time (indicated by red circle).