Table 3.
Modifiers of cellular trafficking patterns.
| Biological effect | Physicochemical properties | Biological models | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Materials | Size | Zeta potential/charge | Surface coating | Cell type | Animal models | ||
| DIRECT MODIFICATIONS OF INTEGRIN AND SELECTIN AVAILABILITY | |||||||
| Reduced neutrophil adhesion and migration across the endothelium to limit vascular inflammation modulated via adherent neutrophils; protective against lung injury with Syk inhibitor to prevent inside-out signaling | Polystyrene | 100–117 nm | Denatured albumin | Neutrophils | Mice | (102, 103) | |
| Binds ICAM-1 on HUVEC to deliver NF-κB inhibitors and stop diapedesis | Cell membrane-formed nanovesicles (cell disruption by nitrogen cavitation, centrifugation, and extrusion—contains integrin β2 | 200 nm | −20 to −12 mV | Source of nanovesicles: HL 60 myeloid cells | (104) | ||
| DECREASED CHEMOATTRACTANTS TO INFLAMED SITE | |||||||
| Decreased secretion of MCP-1 | Poly(lactic acid) | 350–500 nm | −50 to −40 mV | Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) | Bone marrow-derived macrophages | Mice (C57BL/6) | (93) |
| Partial decreased secretion of MCP-1 | Poly[lactic acid) | 350–500 nm | −25 mV | Poly(vinyl alcohol) | Bone marrow-derived macrophages | Mice (C57BL/6) | (93) |
| Decreased secretion of MCP-1 | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | 350–500 nm | −50 to −40 mV | Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) | Bone marrow-derived macrophages | Mice (C57BL/6) | (93) |
| Partial decreased secretion of MCP-1 | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | 350–500 nm | −25 mV | Poly(vinyl alcohol) | Bone marrow-derived macrophages | Mice (C57BL/6) | (93) |
| Decreased secretion of IL-8, CCL5/RANTES, and CCL2/MCP-1 | Gold | 5 nm | Inner lipid: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate] (PDP PE 16:0) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (PDP PE 18:1) Outer lipid: 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phsphocholine (DPPC), spingomyelin, cardiolipin, 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (18:2 PG), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycer-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (14:0 Liss Rhod PE) |
Monocytes | Human | (99) | |
| Decreased CCL2 and CCL4 production | Gold | 13–20 nm | Negative charge | Peptides with hydrophobic and aromatic residues | Monocytes | (105, 106) | |
| DIVERSION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS AWAY FROM SITE OF INFLAMMATION | |||||||
| Negligible sequestration of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils away from sites of inflammation | Poly(lactic acid) | 430–470 nm | −47 to −31 mV | Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) | Inflammatory monocytes, neutrophils | Mice (SJL/J) | (107) |
| Negligible sequestration of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils away from sites of inflammation | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)—low molecular weight | 330–510 nm | −56 to −40 mV | Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) | Inflammatory monocytes, neutrophils | Mice (SJL/J) | (107) |
| Sequestration of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils away from sites of inflammation | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)—high molecular weight | 510–590 nm | −43 to −36 mV | Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) | Inflammatory monocytes, neutrophils | Mice (C57BL/6, SJL/J, BALB/c) | (107, 108) |
| Sequestration of inflammatory monocytes away from sites of inflammation | Polystyrene | 500 nm | Negatively charged | Inflammatory monocytes | Mice (C57BL/6, SJL/J, BALB/c) | (108) | |