Table 2. The distribution of catastrophic health expenditure over time.
| Panel A | IES 1995 | IES 2000 | IES 2005 | IES 2010 |
| Catastrophic ≥ 5% | 4.7212 (4.475, 4.967) | 4.8898 (4.608, 5.172) | 11.8211 (11.384,12.258) | 9.4446 (9.083, 9.806) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 10% | 1.4361 (1.298, 1.574) | 1.4477 (1.292, 1.604) | 3.5206 (3.271, 3.770) | 3.1664 (2.950, 3.383) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 15% | 0.7191 (0.621, 0.817) | 0.7553 (0.642, 0.869) | 1.5903 (1.421, 1.759) | 1.2592 (1.121, 1.397) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 25% | 0.1603 (0.114, 0.207) | 0.2653 (0.198, 0.333) | 0.3879 (0.304, 0.472) | 0.3676 (0.293, 0.442) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 40% | 0.0357 (0.014, 0.058) | 0.0801 (0.043, 0.117) | 0.0942 (0.053, 0.136) | 0.0688 (0.036, 0.101) |
| Panel B | IES 1995 | IES 2000 | IES 2005 | IES 2010 |
| Catastrophic ≥ 5% | 10.6837 (10.326,11.042) | 10.5543 (10.153,10.956) | 25.0609 (24.475,25.647) | 22.2307 (21.716,22.745) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 10% | 4.2454 (4.012, 4.479) | 4.3678 (4.101, 4.635) | 11.6129 (11.179,12.046) | 9.9740 (9.603,10.345) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 15% | 2.1786 (2.009, 2.348) | 2.4961 (2.292, 2.700) | 6.4753 (6.142, 6.808) | 5.4897 (5.208, 5.771) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 25% | 0.8406 (0.735, 0.946) | 1.0898 (0.954, 1.226) | 2.7329 (2.512, 2.953) | 2.1735 (1.993, 2.354) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 40% | 0.2678 (0.208, 0.328) | 0.4698 (0.380, 0.559) | 1.0431 (0.906, 1.181) | 0.9082 (0.791, 1.026) |
| Panel C | IES 1995 | IES 2000 | IES 2005 | IES 2010 |
| Catastrophic ≥ 5% | 17.3380 (16.899,17.777) | 17.8189 (17.319,18.319) | 34.0974 (33.456,34.739) | 30.3796 (29.811,30.948) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 10% | 8.9570 (8.626, 9.288) | 8.9496 (8.576, 9.323) | 19.0413 (18.510,19.572) | 16.0269 (15.573,16.480) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 15% | 5.3708 (5.109, 5.632) | 5.2992 (5.006, 5.592) | 11.8450 (11.408,12.282) | 9.7365 (9.370,10.103) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 25% | 2.3120 (2.138, 2.486) | 2.5093 (2.305, 2.714) | 5.6856 (5.372, 5.999) | 4.7162 (4.454, 4.978) |
| Catastrophic ≥ 40% | 0.9745 (0.861, 1.088) | 1.1303 (0.992, 1.269) | 2.4770 (2.267, 2.687) | 1.9868 (1.814, 2.159) |
The table reports, for each survey year, the percentage of the the population facing catastrophic health care expenditures. We use thresholds of 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 40% shares of health expenditure relative to the household’s capacity-to-pay as defined in (5)) along with 95% confidence intervals. Panel A focuses on the WHO-method, where capacity is defined as non-subsistence expenditure [1]. Panel B defines the household’s capacity-to-pay by adult equivalent total household expenditure [26]. Panel C defines the household’s capacity-to-pay by adult equivalent total nonfood expenditure [27]. Table prepared with the xtable package in R [40]. The code to develop these values is available in Appendix; see S2 File.