Table 3. Impoverishment arising from out-of-pocket health care payments.

	IES 1995	IES 2000	IES 2005	IES 2010
Impoverished Households	0.1599	0.3198	0.4502	0.3346
95% Confidence Interval	(0.114,0.206)	(0.252,0.388)	(0.360,0.541)	(0.263,0.406)

The table reports the percentage of households made poor (along with confindence intervals), because of out-of-pocket health care payments, covering four South African Income and Expenditure Surveys (IES). These households would have had consumption in excess of subsistence, except that health care payments pushed them below subsistence; see Eq (7). All values weighted to the population. Table prepared with xtable package in R [40]. The code to develop these figures is available in Appendix; see S2 File.