Table 2.
Association between socioeconomic factors and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk
| Characteristics |
Cases n (%) |
Controls n (%) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | ||||
| College or higher | 119 (10.8) | 434 (31.8) | Reference | Reference |
| High school/technical school | 366 (33.1) | 482 (35.4) | 2.78 (2.18‐3.55) | 1.16 (0.87‐1.55) |
| Junior high | 323 (29.3) | 232 (17.0) | 5.16 (3.96‐6.73) | 1.52 (1.11‐2.08) |
| ≤Elementary school | 296 (26.8) | 215 (15.8) | 5.33 (3.97‐7.17) | 1.42 (1.00‐2.01) |
| P‐trend < .0001 | P‐trend = .0100 | |||
| Income | ||||
| NT$ >100 000 | 85 (7.7) | 305 (22.4) | Reference | Reference |
| NT$ 80 000‐99 999 | 44 (4.0) | 87 (6.4) | 1.82 (1.18‐2.82) | 1.87 (1.13‐3.08) |
| NT$ 60 000‐79 999 | 93 (8.4) | 159 (11.7) | 2.14 (1.51‐3.04) | 1.76 (1.18‐2.63) |
| NT$ 40 000‐59 999 | 165 (14.9) | 188 (13.8) | 3.21 (2.33‐4.42) | 2.04 (1.42‐2.93) |
| NT$ 20 000‐39 999 | 192 (17.4) | 135 (9.9) | 5.14 (3.71‐7.13) | 2.62 (1.80‐3.81) |
| NT$ <20 000 | 172 (15.6) | 123 (9.0) | 5.05 (3.55‐7.05) | 2.20 (1.49‐3.25) |
| Unknown | 353 (32.0) | 366 (26.8) | — | — |
| P‐trend < .0001 | P‐trend < .0001 | |||
—, not applicable.
a
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age and sex.
b
OR and 95% CI were calculated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, use of alcohol (frequency), betel quids (pack‐years), cigarette (pack‐years), oral hygiene score, and consumption of vegetables and fruits.
c
Association between educational levels and HNC or between income levels and HNC was analyzed separately.