Table 2. Susceptibility of various animal species to MERS CoV.

Order	Family	Animal category	Species	Detection method	Prevalence	References
Primates	Cercopithecidae	Rhesus macaquec	M. mulatta	Quantitative RT-PCR	6/6	(de Wit et al., 2013)
Artiodactyla+	Camelidae	Llamasc	Lama glama	Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization	3/4	(Vergara-Alert et al., 2017a)
		Dromedary camelb	Camelus dromedaries	RT-qPCR, RT-PCR	5/76	(Nowotny and Kolodziejek, 2014)
				RT-PCR	2/14	(Haagmans et al., 2014)
				RT-qPCR	126/131	(Chu et al., 2015)
				MERS-CoV S1 ELISA	502/570	(Falzarano et al., 2017)
				Viral neutralization assay	65/155	(Reusken et al., 2013)
		Alpacaa	Vicugna pacos	ELISA, VNT	35/102	(David et al., 2018)
	Suidae	Pigc	S. scorfa domesticus	Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization	2/4	(Vergara-Alert et al., 2017a)
				Viral neutralization assay	4/5	(Vergara-Alert et al., 2017b)
	Bovidae	Cattlec	B. taurus	Plate reduction neutralization test (PRNT), RT-PCR	1/53	(Kandeil et al., 2019)
		Sheepc	Ovis aries	Viral neutralization assay	0/40	(Reusken et al., 2013)
				Plate reduction neutralization test (PRNT), RT-PCR	35/63	(Kandeil et al., 2019)
		Goatc	C. hircus	Viral neutralization assay	0/50	(Reusken et al., 2013)
				Plate reduction neutralization test (PRNT), RT-PCR	5/121	(Kandeil et al., 2019)
Lagomorpha	Leporidae	Rabbit	Oryctolagus cuniculus	RT-qPCR	0/12	(Widagdo et al., 2019)
Chiroptera	Emballonuridae	Bata	Taphozous perforatus	PCR	1/94	(Memish et al., 2013)
			Eidolon helvum	PCR	1/82	(Memish et al., 2013)
	Vespertilionidae	Common wing-bent batc	Miniopterus schreibersii	RT-PCR	4/53	(Luo et al., 2018)
		Japanese pipistrellec	Pipistrellus abramus		15/75	(Luo et al., 2018)
		Asian particolored batc	Vespertilio superans		34/159	(Luo et al., 2018)
Perissodactyla	Equidae	Donkeyc	Equus africanus	Plate reduction neutralization test (PRNT), RT-PCR	3/42	(Kandeil et al., 2019)
		Horsec	Equus ferus	VMN	1/2	(Kandeil et al., 2019)
Galliformes	Phasianidae	Chicken	G. domesticus	pseudoparticle neutralization test (ppNT)	0/240	(Hemida et al., 2013)

RT-PCR = reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT qPCR = quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; VNT = virus neutralization test; VMN = virus microneutralization.

^aBat and alpacas are considered as a reservoir host for MERS-CoV.

^bDromedary camel acting as an animal host to transmit virus to animals.

^cOther animals susceptible to MERS-CoV.