Fig. 5.

Palmitic acid activates PPARδ and PPARα, but not PPARγ, in a dose-dependent fashion. a Activation of individual PPAR isotypes by palmitic acid (16:0) in BFH-12 cells cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments. GW-6471, PPARα antagonist; GSK-3787, PPARδ antagonist; GW-9662, PPARγ antagonist. b Effect on PPAR activation of an increasing dose of palmitic acid, when diluted in culture media with and without a quasi-physiological concentration of albumin (3%); treatment effect is indicated in the bottom-right corner of the panel. c Effect on PPAR activation of an increasing dose of palmitic acid added to serum samples from before and after parturition (Serum Pre, − 18 ± 15 DIM and Serum Post, 9 ± 2 DIM respectively). Asterisks indicate significant differences when compared to each treatment’s baseline (palmitic acid = 0 μmol/L). Treatment effect is indicated in the bottom-right corner of the panel