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. 2020 Aug 11;10:13552. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70666-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcriptional reprogramming of icaA (A) and icaD (B) genes in biofilms of MRSA treated with manuka honey. Gene expression data were normalized to the rpoB reference gene. Results are shown as n-fold changes in the target gene expression compared to the control (untreated biofilm). Significant differences in relative gene expression among examined MRSA samples were marked by different letters (a, b, c, d, e) (Tukey’s test; p < 0.05). W: weak producer of biofilm; S: strong producer of biofilm; 4, 8, 12, 24: time of bacterial growth (h); MBIC: minimum biofilm inhibition concentration. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation, n = 3.