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. 2020 Aug 11;10:13573. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70171-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Probability of capture due to gravity, impaction, diffusion and all three combined in a tube with dimensions corresponding to a third generation bifurcation (length = 6.3 cm, diameter = 1.35 cm, dry air) with its axis perpendicular to gravity. Panel (A) and (B) show results for a large particle and a small nanoparticle with diameters of 8 μm and 0.35 μm, respectively. Comsol-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of escape rate is also shown in panel A for either a uniform distribution (black circle) or parabolic distribution (white circle) for particles released at the airway entrance. Note that the impaction probability for the nanoparticle is virtually zero and not plotted on panel (B).