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. 2020 Aug 11;11:4019. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17875-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Main pollinator of spring flowers: long-tongued bee (Anthophora sp.). b Main pollinators of summer flowers: small bee (Lasioglossum sp.), small beetle (Mordellistena sp.) and butterfly (Pieris sp.) (photographs taken by F. Perfectti). Outcome of the modularity analysis of the pollination networks built upon the visitation rate of the main pollinator functional groups c to three M. arvensis populations during summer and spring; d to experimental plants displaying spring flowers and summer flowers during spring in the field; e to experimental plants displaying spring flowers and summer flowers during summer in the field. Pollinator Functional Groups: 1. short-tongued small bees; 2. short-tongued medium-sized bees; 3. short-tongued large bees; 5. long-tongued large bees; 6. ants; 7. small wasps; 8. small hoverflies; 9. large hoverflies; 10. beeflies; 11. large flies; 12. long-tongued small flies; 13. small butterflies; 14. large butterflies; 16. hawkmoths; 17. beetles; 18. trips. Insect silhouettes drawn by Divulgare (www.divulgare.net) under a Creative Common license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).