TABLE 2.

Table illustrating the SGK1 involvement in humans, in vitro and in vivo models of stress.

Experimental model	Molecular features	Biological and clinical features	References
HPC03A/07 hippocampal progenitor cells exposed to cortisol	Hedgehog signaling suppression after SGK1 inhibition by GSK650394; Enhancing of GR nuclear translocation following its SGK1-dependent hyperphosphorylation at S203 and S211	Reduction in neural proliferation and differentiation	Anacker et al., 2013b
Drug-free depressed patients	Increased peripheral blood expression of SGK1	Depressive symptoms	Anacker et al., 2013b
Combination of population genetics	Increased GR/Oct1-dependent SGK1 expression in presence of rs9493857 polymorphism	Genetic variant associated with greater responsiveness of neuroendocrine signaling in response to environmental stressor stimuli, resulting in the predisposition of individuals to chronic disorder	Luca et al., 2009
UCMS-rats; Early life stressed rats	Increased hippocampal SGK1 mRNA levels; Reduction in Hedgehog signaling	Decreased hippocampal neurogenesis with depressive behaviors	Anacker et al., 2013b; Bockmühl et al., 2015
miR-17-92 KO mice	Increased SGK1 levels in the SGZ of hippocampal DG	Reduced adult neurogenesis with anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors	Jin et al., 2016
SNI and CUS mice	Increased SGK1 mRNA in the PAG	SGK1 as a linker between pain and chronic stress	Descalzi et al., 2017
Chronic stressed mice	SGK3-mediated autophagic cell death of hippocampal NSCs	Decline of hippocampal neurogenesis with cognitive deficits	Jung et al., 2019
Corpus callosum oligodendrocytes of chronic stress exposed mice	Increase in SGK1 mRNA and kinase activity; Increase in N-cadherin, α-catenin and β-catenin via SGK1/NDRG1 axis both in vitro and in vivo	Morphological changes in oligodendrocytes of corpus callosum nerve fiber bundles; Recovery from stress restored the normal arborization of oligodendrocytes as well as the depression-like symptoms	Miyata et al., 2011
Acute stressed adult rats	Increase in SGK1 mRNA in the corpus callosum	SGK1 as an important component of the interplay between oligodendrocytes and neuronal function including neuroplasticity	Hinds et al., 2017
Corpus callosum oligodendrocytes of chronic stress exposed mice; Primary oligodendrocytes exposed to dexamethasone	Increase in SGK1 expression/activity leading to Dsg1 up-regulation	Morphological changes in oligodendrocytes of corpus callosum	Miyata et al., 2015
Stressed mouse model by social isolation	Increase in hippocampal SGK1 expression	siRNA-mediated silencing of SGK1 inhibited the acute social isolation	Kaji and Nonogaki, 2010

SGK1, Serum- and Glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase 1; GR Glucocorticoids Receptor; Oct1, Octamer-binding protein 1; SGK3, Serum- and Glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase 3; NDRG1, N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1; Dsg1, Desmoglein 1; UCMS, Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress; SNI, Spared Nerve Injury; CUS, Chronic Unpredictable Stress; SGZ, Subgranular Zone; DG, Dentate Gyrus; PAG, Periaqueductal Gray; NSCs, Neural Stem Cells.