Table 1.
Epidemiological and clinical evidence connecting MDMX and cancer.
| Cancer type | Proposed mechanism(s) | Clinical outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gliomas | MDMX amplification and overexpression | Helps gliomas escape from p53-dependent growth control; no association with patient survival | (57–60) |
| Breast cancer | MDMX amplification and overexpression | Associated with carcinogenesis, invasion, small tumor size and low grade, and longer BCSS and DFS | (61–65) |
| Colon cancer | MDMX overexpression | Promotes carcinogenesis | (61, 66) |
| Lung cancer | MDMX overexpression | Promotes tumor formation | (61) |
| Ovarian cancer | NR | Associated with response to chemotherapy | (67) |
| Gastric cancer | MDMX overexpression | Promotes lymph node metastasis and influences the prognosis | (68, 69) |
| Bladder cancer | MDMX amplification and overexpression | Associated with high-grade and invasive disease and low recurrence risk; predicts better recurrence-free survival | (70, 71) |
| Hepatoblastoma | MDMX amplification | NR | (72) |
| Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma | MDMX overexpression | NR | (73) |
| Soft tissue sarcoma | MDMX amplification, MDMX-S overexpression, and high MDMX-S/MDMX-FL ratio | Associated with high tumor grade and poor prognosis | (74, 75) |
| Osteosarcoma | MDMX amplification, increased MDMX copy number, and high MDMX-S/MDMX-FL ratio | Associated with poor response to chemotherapy, rapid metastatic progression, and poor overall survival | (76–78) |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | MDMX overexpression | Poor treatment-free survival | (79) |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | MDMX overexpression | NR | (80) |
| Mantle cell lymphoma | MDMX overexpression | NR | (81) |
| Pediatric Burkitt lymphoma | MDMX overexpression | NR | (82) |
| Salivary gland cancer | MDMX amplification | Associated with high-grade malignancy, lymph node metastasis, advanced tumor size and tumor stage, and poor overall survival | (83) |
| Papillary thyroid carcinomas | MDMX-S overexpression and downregulation of MDMX mRNA | Associated with multifocality of tumors and advanced tumor stage | (84) |
| Cutaneous melanoma | MDMX overexpression | Promotes tumorigenesis | (85) |
| Head and neck squamous carcinomas | MDMX overexpression | NR | (86) |
| Retinoblastoma | MDMX overexpression | NR | (87) |
BCSS, breast carcinoma specific survival; DFS, Disease-free survival; MDMX-FL, full-length MDMX; MDMX-S, MDMX splice variant; MDMX-S/MDMX-FL ratio, the ratio of the transcript levels of the MDMX-S over MDMX-FL; NR, Not reported.