Fig. 4.

The effect of cladribine on the mRNA expression and protein secretion of cytokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated microglia. (a) mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL‐10 was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after microglia were treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (0·2%), LPS (10 ng/ml), DMSO and LPS and different concentrations of cladribine (CdA) (0·01 μM, 0·1 μM, 1 μM and 10 μM) together with LPS for 24 h. The expression is shown relative to DMSO control. (b) The protein concentration of IL‐1β, TNF and IL‐10 in the microglia cell culture supernatant was quantified by Meso Scale. The microglia were treated with DMSO (0·2%), DMSO and LPS, and different concentrations of CdA (0·1 μM, 1 μM and 10 μM) together with LPS for 24 h. *P ≤ 0·05, **P ≤ 0·01, ***P ≤ 0·001, ****P ≤ 0·0001, n = 4 in each group, unpaired t‐test with Welch’s correction and one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test, mean ± standard deviation (s.d.).