Table 1.
Methods features of studies reviewed.
| Study | Research design | Sample size | Age (percent) | Follow-up | Variables and measurements | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <3 yrs | 3-4 yrs | >4 yrs | Period | Cognitive | Adaptive | ASD severity | Language | Social | |||
| Studies with primarily preschoolers and older | |||||||||||
| Perry et al., 20111 | Intervention, pre-post | 332 | 6.7 | 24 | 70 | M = 18.4 months | DQs derived from different tests | VABS | CARS | N/A | N/A |
| Kasari et al., 20122 | Intervention, RCT 2 tx and 1 control group | 40 | 15.9 | 68.2 | 15.9 | 5 years | DAS; SPA | N/A | ADOS | EVT | ESCS; PCX |
| Smith, Klorman, & Mruzek, 20153 | Intervention, pre-post | 71 | 30.9 | 53.2 | 13.6 | 12 and 24 months | MSEL | VABS | ADOS; ADI-R | MCDI; ESCS | WSQ |
| Eapen, Crncec, & Walter, 2016 | Intervention, pre-post | 49 | 0.6 | 30.3 | 62.4 | M = 9.8 months | MSEL | VABS | ADOS; SCQ | N/A | N/A |
|
| |||||||||||
| Studies spanning age groups | |||||||||||
| Flanagan, Perry, & Freeman, 20121 | Intervention, waitlist/TAU control | 142 | 30.9 | 38.2 | 28 | M = 22.4 months | MSEL; WPPSI | VABS | CARS | N/A | N/A |
| Pellicano, 20124 | Longitudinal | 37 | 40 | 37 | 23 | Approx. 5 years M = 21.9 months | LIPS | N/A | ADI, ADOS-G, SCQ | PPVT-III | N/A |
| Virues-Ortega, Rodriguez, & Yu, 20133 | Intervention, pre-post and trajectory analysis | 24 | 30.9 | 30 | 39.1 | Approx. 2 years | E-LAP; LAP-D | E-LAP; LAP-D | N/A | E-LAP; LAP-D | E-LAP; LAP-D |
| Hedvall 20151 | Intervention, pre-post, two extreme groups | 198 | 50 | 44 | 6 | Approx. 2 years | DQs derived from different tests | VABS-II | BED, ABC | MCDI | VABS-II |
| Vivanti et al.,3 2016 | Intervention, pre-post | 60 | 36.7 | 61.7 | 1.7 | 12 months | MSEL | VABS | ADOS-2 | N/A | N/A |
|
| |||||||||||
| Studies with infants and toddlers | |||||||||||
| Itzchak & Zachor 20113 | Intervention, two tx groups | 78 | 100 | 12 months | MSEL | VABS | ADOS | MSEL VQ | N/A | ||
| Rogers et al., 20121 | Intervention, RCT | 98 | 100 | 12 weeks | MSEL | VABS | ADOS-T | MCDI | Tasks | ||
| Anderson, Liang, & Lord, 20134 | Longitudinal | 85 | 100 | 17 years | MSEL; DAS | VABS | ADOS; ADI-R | N/A | N/A | ||
| Tiura, Kim, Detmers, & Baldi, 20173 | Intervention, pre-post and trajectory analysis | 35 | 78 | 12 | 3 to 6 years | DP-3 | DP-3 | High vs. low severity based on clinician's judgment | DP-3 | DP-3 | |
| Vivanti et al., 20183 | Intervention, RCT, two tx groups | 44 | 100 | 9 months | MSEL; imitation task | VABS | SCQ RBS = R | LENA | M-COSMIC | ||
1Prediction study conducted after original intervention study was published. 2Prediction study conducted after additional follow-up period. 3Prediction analyses conducted concurrently with treatment effectiveness and presented in one publication. 4Longitudinal study; RCT = randomized controlled trial; TAU = treatment as usual; tx = treatment; DAS = Differential Ability Scales; SPA = Structured Play Assessment; MSEL = Mullen Scales of Early Learning; WPPSI = Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence; LIPS = Leiter International Performance Scale; ADOS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; ADI-R = Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; VABS = Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale; PPVT-III = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 3rd Edition; E-LAP = The Early Learning Accomplishment Profile; LAP-D = The Learning Accomplishment Profile-Diagnostic; BED = Best Estimate Diagnosis; ABC = Autism Behavior Checklist; CARS = Childhood Autism Rating Scale; SCQ = Social Communication Questionnaire; EVT = Expressive Vocabulary Test; MCDI = MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory; ESCS = Early Social Communication Scales; PCX = Parent-Child Interaction; WSQ = Wing Subtypes Questionnaire; DP-3 = Developmental Profile-3; RBS-R = Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised; LENA = Language ENvironment Analysis; M-COSMIC = Modified Classroom Observation Schedule to Measure Intentional Communication.