Z-scores of the effects of the TSST on the different stress markers in the placebo (PLC), dexamethasone (DEX), and propranolol (PROP) conditions, in a men, and b women. From left to right, cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, and heart rate. The gray bar represents the stress period that encompasses the anticipation period (−10 to 0), and the TSST (0 to +10).