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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychosom Res. 2020 Jun 1;135:110164. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110164

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and pain diagnoses by BPD screen on the MSI-BPD

Group Total Sample
(N = 181)		 BPD+
(n = 32)		 BPD−
(n = 149)
Demographics M SD M SD M SD t P d[95% CI]
Age 44.62 14.06 36.56 10.75 46.37 14.12 4.40 <.001 0.78 [0.41, 1.15]
n % n % n % χ2 P OR [95% CI]
Gender 5.60 .02 5.60 [1.06, 61.67]
 Women 145 80.1 30 93.8 115 77.2
 Men 32 17.7 1 3.1 31 20.8
 Unknown 4 2.2 1 3.1 3 2.0
Race 0.86 .46 0.86 [0.22, 2.13]
 African American, Black 13 7.2 2 6.3 11 7.4
 Asian/Pacific Islander 4 2.2 0 0.0 4 2.7
 Hispanic, Latinx 5 2.8 0 0.0 5 3.4
 Native American/American Indian 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7
 White 148 81.8 28 87.5 120 80.5
 Multiracial 5 2.8 2 6.3 3 2.0
 Other 4 2.2 0 0.0 4 2.7
 Unknown 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7
Relationship Status 5.11 .03 2.47 [1.11, 5.48]
 Single 51 28.2 12 37.5 39 26.2
 Married/Domestic Partnership 95 52.5 11 34.4 84 56.4
 Divorced 31 17.1 8 25.0 23 15.4
 Separated 3 1.7 1 3.1 2 1.3
 Widowed 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7
Educational Attainment 4.50 .05 2.36 [1.05, 5.27]
 High school diploma or equivalent 13 7.2 4 12.5 9 6.0
 Vocational or technical school 7 3.9 2 6.3 5 3.4
 Some college 33 18.2 8 25.0 25 16.8
 Bachelor’s degree 65 35.9 10 31.3 55 36.9
 Master’s degree 42 23.2 5 15.6 37 24.8
 Doctorate or professional degree 14 7.7 1 3.1 13 8.7
 Other 6 3.3 2 6.3 4 2.7
 Unknown 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7
Employment Status 3.14 .11 2.09 [0.91, 4.77]
 Full-time 96 53.0 15 46.9 81 54.4
 Part-time 16 8.8 3 9.4 13 8.7
 Self-employed 9 5.0 2 6.3 7 4.7
 Unemployed 9 5.0 2 6.3 7 4.7
 Retired 18 9.9 0 0.0 18 12.1
 Unable to work 32 17.7 10 31.3 22 14.8
 Unknown 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7
Income 3.40 .09 2.13 [0.94, 4.80
 Under $10,000 8 4.4 1 3.1 7 4.7
 $10,000-19,999 13 7.7 5 15.6 9 6.0
 $20,000-$50,000 42 23.2 10 31.3 32 21.5
 $50,000-$100,000 50 27.6 7 21.9 43 28.9
 $100,000-$150,000 31 17.1 3 9.4 28 18.8
 $150,000 or higher 15 8.3 3 9.4 12 8.1
 Unknown 21 11.6 3 9.4 18 12.1
Disability Status 0.37 .65 1.31 [0.55, 3.11]
 Currently receiving disability 29 16.0 5 15.6 24 16.1
 In the process of applying for disability 14 7.7 5 15.6 9 6.0
 Not receiving or applying for disability 101 55.8 19 59.4 82 55.0
 Unknown 37 20.4 3 9.4 34 22.8
Pain Diagnoses From Medical Records
 Back pain 73 40.3 13 40.6 60 40.3 0.01 1.00 0.96 [0.44, 2.09]
 Neck pain 17 9.4 2 6.3 15 10.1 0.52 .74 0.86 [0.23, 3.16]
 Head pain 50 27.6 11 34.4 39 26.2 0.68 .40 1.41 [0.62, 3.19]
 Extremity pain 58 32.0 5 15.6 53 35.6 5.32 .02 0.32 [0.12, 0.88]
 Diffuse musculoskeletal pain 50 27.6 15 46.9 35 23.5 6.56 .02 2.75 [1.24, 6.07]
  Fibromyalgia 38 21.0 12 37.5 26 17.4 5.85 .03 2.72 [1.18, 6.26]
 Neuropathic pain 13 7.2 3 9.4 10 6.7 0.23 .71 1.39 [0.36, 5.35]
 Abdominal pain 40 22.1 11 34.4 29 19.5 3.02 .10 2.08 [0.90, 4.79]
 Pelvic pain 46 25.4 12 37.5 34 22.8 2.62 .12 1.94 [0.86, 4.37]
 Chronic fatigue-related pain 10 5.5 2 6.3 8 5.4 0.02 1.00 1.13 [0.23, 5.61]
 Autoimmune/inflammatory pain 18 9.9 1 3.1 16 11.4 1.91 .32 0.24 [0.03, 1.90]
 Cancer pain (stage IV pancreatic) 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7 0.22 1.00 --
 Metabolic pain 4 2.2 0 0.0 4 2.7 0.91 1.00 --
 Chronic pain, not otherwise specified 10 5.5 0 0.0 10 6.7 2.36 .21
Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions
 Anxiety disorder 33 18.2 9 28.1 24 16.1 2.26 .14 2.04 [0.84, 4.94]
 Depressive disorder 46 25.4 11 34.4 35 23.5 1.38 .27 1.71 [0.75, 3.88]
 Mixed anxiety/depressive disorder 13 7.2 5 15.6 8 5.4 3.88 .06 3.26 [0.99, 10.74]
 Posttraumatic stress disorder 8 4.4 0 0.0 8 5.4 1.86 .35 --
 Adjustment disorder 1 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.7 0.22 1.00 --
Med Range Med Range Med Range Z P r
Number of pain diagnoses 2.0 1-12 2.0 1-6 2.0 1-12 −0.39 .70 .002

Note. Statistical tests evaluate differences in distributions of each variable by BPD risk group. Significant tests at p < .006 (.05/8 alpha correction) for demographic variables, p < .003 (.05/15 alpha correction) for pain diagnoses, and p < .01 (.05/5 alpha correction) for psychiatric conditions are denoted by bold font. Chi-square conducted on collapsed demographic categories, resulting in more robust 2x2 comparisons, as follows: gender = women vs. men, race = non-white vs. white, relationship status = not married/partnered vs. married/partnered, education = no college degree vs. college degree, employment status = unemployed vs. employed, income = income <$50K vs. income ≥$50K, and disability status = receiving or applying for disability vs. not. Chi-square analyses exclude “Unknown” group participants. Percentages across pain diagnosis categories sum to greater than 100% as patients could be diagnosed with multiple pain disorders. Fibromyalgia diagnoses are a subset of diffuse musculoskeletal pain disorders. Comorbid psychiatric conditions are not comprehensive as they were not formally assessed and represent only those psychiatric conditions comorbid to pain that were considered clinically relevant with regards to treatment planning and that were indicated in medical records. BPD = borderline personality disorder; MSI-BPD = McLean Screening Instrument for BPD; BPD+ = screened positive for BPD; BPD− = screened negative for BPD; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; t = t-statistic; p = p value; d = Cohen’s d effect size metric; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; χ2 = chi-square statistic; n = frequency of demographic characteristic; % = percentage of subgroup; OR = odds ratio; Med = median; Z = Mann-Whitney U-test Z-statistic; r = r effect size metric (z√N).