Table 3.

Pain, emotional distress, and trauma by BPD screening status

Group	BPD+ (n = 32)		BPD− (n = 149)
Pain	M	SD	M	SD	F	P	η²
Pain Severity (NPRS-11)	4.68	1.72	4.55	2.01	0.85	.36	.005
Widespread Pain (MBM)	11.38	6.42	8.75	7.15	2.61	.11	.01
Continuous Pain (MPQ)	4.96	1.82	3.78	2.10	8.29	.005	.05
Intermittent Pain (MPQ)	3.25	2.07	2.97	2.36	0.68	.41	.004
Neuropathic Pain (MPQ)	2.92	1.86	2.24	1.86	3.38	.07	.02
Affective Pain (MPQ)	4.63	2.43	2.87	2.08	12.76	<.001	.07
Central Sensitization (CSIA)	62.55	11.97	43.83	16.48	27.26	<.001	.15
Emotional Distress
Anxiety (HADS-A)	14.39	3.43	8.23	4.23	48.00	<.001	.22
Depression (HADS-D)	9.80	3.22	6.25	4.40	24.75	<.001	.13
Trauma
Childhood Sexual Abuse (CATS)	3.40	3.66	1.29	2.42	16.80	<.001	.09
Childhood Punishment (CATS)	12.47	5.17	8.49	4.35	23.44	<.001	.12
Childhood Neglect (CATS)	30.20	11.43	15.07	12.74	33.55	<.001	.16
Adult General Disaster/Traumatic Experience (THQ-Adult)	1.97	1.82	2.46	2.11	0.24	.63	.001
Adult Crime-Related Trauma (THQ-Adult)	0.58	0.89	0.45	0.70	2.62	.11	.02
Adult Physical/Sexual Trauma (THQ-Adult)	0.84	0.90	0.25	0.55	24.33	<.001	.13

Note. All group comparisons conducted using univariate analysis of covariance, with age and gender as covariates. Descriptive statistics are raw, not covariate adjusted, for interpretability. Significant tests at p < .003 (.05/15 alpha correction) are denoted by bold font. BPD+ = screened positive for BPD; BPD− = screened negative for BPD; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; F = F-statistic; p = p value; η² = partial eta-squared effect size metric (small = .01, medium = .06, large = .14); NPRS = Numeric Pain Rating Scale; MBM = Michigan Body Map; MPQ = McGill Pain Questionnaire; CSIA = Central Sensitization Inventory—Part A; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; CATS = Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; THQ-Adult = revised Trauma History Questionnaire after removing childhood trauma exposure.