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. 2019 Dec 3;1:28. doi: 10.1186/s42490-019-0031-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Hill model. Hill (1938) [1] proposed that muscle consists of two basic elements: a contractile force producing element (CE), and an “elastic” element that is arranged “in series” (SE) with the contractile element. Hill (1938) [1] pointed out correctly that the series elastic element influences the contractile element’s length and rate of change in length (velocity) during dynamic contractions, and thus, affects the force producing capability of the contractile element