a, Schematic of cyclodextrin nanoparticles (CDNPs) prepared by L-lysine crosslinking of cyclodextrin succinate (orange). LCL161 (green) was subsequently complexed with the nanoparticle through supramolecular interaction (expanded, right) between the host (cyclodextrin) and guest (LCL161) to form a guest-host complex. b, Phenolphthalein absorbance (200 μM, λ=550 nm) in the presence of cyclodextrin (0.2 mM) before and after addition of LCL161 (1.0 mM). Mean ± s.d.; n=3; *P < 0.05, Student’s t-test. c, Macroscopic images of LCL161 insolubility in PBS (5 mM, turbid due to drug aggregation) and solublization by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (LCL161-CD, middle) or the supramolecular nanocarrier (LCL161-CDNP, right). d, Phase solubility assessment of LCL161 by turbidity measurement (5 mM, λ=500 nm) in CDNP solutions. Mean ± s.d.; n=3. Black line: exponential decay ± 95% CI (shaded). e, Dynamic light scattering measurement of hydrodynamic diameter for blank and drug-laden nanoparticle preparations. Black line: mean ± s.e.m. (shaded); n=3.