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. 2020 Aug 12;28(2):169–179. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.014

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© 2020 Elsevier Inc.

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The Microbiota Exerts Local and Global Immune Influence Through a Variety of Mechanisms

(A) The microbiota can influence host responses locally at the site, such as the airways, skin, and intestines, or act at a distance and exert profound influences systemically in, for example, lymph nodes, bone marrow, or the circulation.

(B) The microbiota can influence immune reactions in distal locations in several ways. Model 1 depicts systemic translocation of bacterial products such as LPS from mucosal sites. Model 2 depicts a “domino effect” mechanism, where signals from the microbiota are delivered to cells in the vicinity, which then circulate throughout the body and relay this information. Model 3 describes the effects of microbiota on distant locations via secretion of microbiota-derived metabolites. HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells. PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns.