Fig. 3.

Persistent representation of the missing hand. (A) Activity group maps in controls (left) and amputees (right) during movements of the nondominant (controls) or phantom hand (amputees). White circle indicates the position of the anatomical hand knob. (B) A finger-selectivity map (using a travelling wave paradigm) for individual phantom finger movements reveals a complete hand somatotopy in primary somatosensory cortex of an amputee, with specific and adjacent clusters showing selectivity to specific phantom fingers. (C) Centre of gravity of lip activity clusters in individual participants (amputees, orange; controls, purple) reveals a medial shift in amputees’ lip representation, localised to the face area. On average, lips in the deprived hemisphere were shifted medially by 8 ​mm, compared to the intact hemisphere (note that the hand area is located 63 ​mm medially to the lips in controls). Images adapted from: (A) (Makin et al., 2013b); (B) (Kikkert et al., 2016); (C) (Makin et al., 2015b).