. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 12.

Published in final edited form as: J Sleep Res. 2018 Aug 30;28(5):e12756. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12756

TABLE 5.

Comparison of the response of the GG and non-GG peri-pharyngeal muscles to external partial occlusion of the inspiratory airway in young and older healthy subjects

	Healthy subject
	Young	Older	OSA
EMGslope (EMG%max/cmH₂O)
GG	−0.95 ± 0.37	−0.47 ± 0.29^*	−0.89 ± 0.48
All non-GG	−0.87 ± 0.31	−0.40 ± 0.24^**	−0.37 ± 0.27^***
SG	−0.99	−0.25	−0.46
GH	−0.92	−0.40	−0.18
SCM	−0.67	−0.32	−0.49
SH	—	−0.49	−0.47
GG	22.7 ± 7.3	15.3 ± 6.4	19.1 ± 10.9
All non-GG	26.7 ± 14.0	12.0 ± 8.9^*	10.9 ± 0.27^***
EMG_P−25 (%max)
SG	26.1	16.9	27.7
GH	17.6	18.1	7.0
SCM	23.8	13.8	13.7
SH	—	9.1	11.5

GG: genioglossus; EMG: electromyogram; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; SG: styloglossus; GH: geniohyoid; SCM: sterno-cleido-mastoid; SH: sternohyoid. EMG_P-25: peak EMG at Pes −25 cmH₂O.

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01 for comparison of young and older subjects.

^***

p < 0.01 for comparison of young and OSA patients.