TABLE 2.
Breakdown of Studies That Found BMP-2 to be Pro-oncogenic
| Cancer Type | Author | Conclusion of BMP-2 Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Breast | Steinert, S72 | BMP-2 affected apoptosis-related genes which showed pronounced alteration |
| Raida, M68 | BMP-2 expression is activated in invasive breast cancers | |
| Clement, JH36 | Enhances the tumorigenic properties of breast carcinoma cells and drive the cells towards a more aggressive phenotype | |
| Katsuno, Y90 | BMP-2 promotes invasion and bone metastasis of breast cancer | |
| Neman, J92 | Metastatic cells create a permissive niche by steering differentiation through paracrine BMP-2 signaling | |
| Pouliot, F67 | BMPs interacting with type II BMP receptors contribute to the proliferation and/or survival of human breast cancer cells | |
| Lung | Langenfeld, E96,29,43 | Promotes growth, transformation and survival of cancer cells |
| Enhances angiogenic response by stimulating endothelial cells | ||
| Highly overexpressed an growth promoting in cancer cells | ||
| Hsu, Y50 | Induced lung cancer migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | |
| Lee, KB71 | Sequestration of BMP-2 reduced tumor growth | |
| Feeley, BT57 | Mixed metastatic lung lesions in bone are inhibited by noggin overexpression which is a direct inhibitor of BMP-2 | |
| Prostate | Yang, S32 | Induces tube formation in angiogenesis, modulates the biological behavior of prostate tumor cells in diverse and cell type-specific manner |
| Feeley, BT49 | Critical in the formation of the osteoblastic lesions associated with prostate cancer metastases, influence the formation of the osteolytic prostate cancer metastases | |
| Kwon, H52 | Promotes migration of cancer cells in a 3-dimensional gel system | |
| Graham, TR60 | Enhances the invasiveness of C4–2B prostate cancer cell line | |
| Lai, TH42 | Contributes to the migration of prostate cancer cells | |
| Gastric | Kang, MH63 | BMP-2 strongly increases motility and invasiveness, BMP-2 signaling pathways strongly enhance tumor metastasis |
| Park, Y73 | Seems to have a role in progression to metastatic disease, especially in the late stage of tumorigenesis, including invasion and metastasis | |
| Bladder | Hung, TT87 | BMP-2 expression was significantly associated with in vivo tumorigenicity of the cell lines |
| Yang, ZJ95 | Responsible for the mechanism involved in triggering bone metastasis in bladder cancer | |
| Oral | Jin,Y51 | BMP-2 might be involved in the metastasis of oral carcinoma cells |
| Kokorina, NA92 | rhBMP-2 treatment of tumor cells makes them more locally aggressive with worse survival and has adverse effects on invasiveness in human cell lines in vitro | |
| Pancreatic | Chen, X56 | BMP-2 accelerates invasion of panc-1 cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway |
| Gordon, KJ59 | BMP signaling, through Smad1 induction and up-regulation of MMP-2, is an important mediator of pancreatic cancer invasiveness | |
| Chondrosarcoma | Hou, CH39 | Enhances invasiveness of chondrosarcoma cells |
| Fong, YC38 | Contributes to the migration of chondrosarcoma cells through PI3K/AKT pathway | |
| Osteosarcoma | Rubio, R99 | Enhances development of osteoid areas |
| Sotobori, T46 | Enhances cell migration by modulating fibronectin-integrin beta-1 signaling | |
| Melanoma | Rothhammer, T31 | Induces tube formation and migration efficiency of microvascular endothelial cells, play an important role in dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor |
| Ovarian | LePage, C85 | Contributes to a modification of tumor cell behavior through a change in motility and adherence |
| Glioma | Guo, M98 | BMP-2 treatment causes marked stimulation of glioma cell growth, migration and invasion |
| Leukemia | Lapperouzas, B88 | Deregulation of intracellular BMP signaling in primary CP-CML samples corrupts and amplifies their response to exogenous BMP2 |
| Chondroblastoma | Yang, X90 | BMP-2 induced protumorigenic effects on chonroblastoma cells |
| Colon | Kang, MH20 | BMP-2 causes resistance and invasion of cancer cells |