Table 2.

Emerging Diagnostic tools with potential SARS-CoV-2 application.

Diagnostic Platform	On-site application	Mode of action	Matrices (# of samples)	Reference
1. Nucleic acid detection
CRISPR	Yes	PCR, perform CRISPR/Ca9-mediated lateral flow nucleic assay (CASLFA)	Serum (110)	[66]
CRISPR	Yes	RPA, SHERLOCK multiplexed signal detection via fluorescence	Nasopharyngeal swabs (384)	[50]
LAMP	No	Isothermal DNA synthesis using self-recurring strand displacement reactions; positive detection leads to increased sample turbidity	Throat swabs (53)	[67]
RPA	No	Forward and reverse primars blind to DNA and amplify strands at 37 °C	Fecal and nasal swabs (30)	[68]
NASBA	No	Transcription-based amplification for RNA targets	Nasal swabs (138)	[69]
RCA	No	DNA polymerase used to extend a circular primer and repeatedly replicate the sequence	Serum (7)	[70]
RT-LAMP	No	Reverse transcriptase LAMP reaction for RNA targets	Nasopharyngeal aspirates (59)	[71]
Quantum dot barcode	Yes	Multiplexed quantum beads capture viral DNA for RPA detection	Serum (72)	[47]
Magnetic bead	No	Magnetic beads isolate bacteria for PCR detection	Stool (17)	[72]
2. Protein/antibody detection
Smartphone dongle	Yes	Microfluidics-based cassette operating an ELISA	Blood (96)	[63]
Paramagnetic bead	No	Magnetic separation of protein targets	Serum (12)	[73]
Magnetic bead isolation	No	Magnetic isolation of bacteria	Synovia (12)	[74]
ELISA	No	Enzymatic reaction to produce colored product in presence of target	Serum (30)	[75]
SIMOA	No	Digital readout of colored product by enzymatic reaction in presence of target	Serum (30)	[76]
Biobarcode assay	No	Protein signal is indirectly detected by amplifying DNA conjugated to gold nanoparticle	Serum (18)	[77]
Rapid antigen test	Yes	Gold-coated antibodies produce colorimetric signal on paper in presence of target	Serum (117)	[78]
3. Whole pathogene detection
Magnetic bead isolation	No	Magnetic isolation of bacteria	Synovia (12)	[74]