Figure 4.

Adjusted cross-sectional associations of blood cadmium (upper) and blood lead (lower) with CMV recurrence among individuals aged 6–49 years, NHANES 1999–2004. Prevalence ratios (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income: poverty line, nativity, serum cotinine, and household crowding with mutual adjustment for blood cadmium and lead categories. CMV recurrence was defined as being CMV IgG seropositive, being either CMV IgM seropositive or excreting CMV DNA in urine, and having low CMV IgG avidity (N = 224). Individuals who were CMV IgG seropositive but were seronegative for CMV IgM and were had no CMV DNA detected in their urine (N = 5578) served as the comparison group, as these individuals were considered latently infected. Prevalence ratios were weighted to account for the complex survey design and 95% CIs were estimated using Taylor series linearization.